Meteorología

1) What is fog, and how is it classified meteorologically?. A) Fog is a cloud in the upper atmosphere; it is classified based on altitude. B) Fog forms due to condensation of water vapor near the surface and is classified based on visibility. C) Fog is a form of precipitation and is classified by droplet size. D) Fog is only found in cold climates and is classified by temperature.

2) According to the Bergeron and Coalescence theories, how does precipitation form?. A) Precipitation forms only in warm clouds through the Coalescence theory. B) The Bergeron theory explains precipitation formation in cold clouds, while the Coalescence theory applies to warm clouds. C) Precipitation occurs only when warm air rises and cools rapidly. D) Both theories are mutually exclusive and cannot occur in the same cloud.

3) What defines an air mass, and how is it classified?. A) An air mass is a moving body of air classified only by its temperature. B) Air masses form randomly and are classified based on their movement speed. C) The Iberian Peninsula is only affected by tropical air masses. D) An air mass is a portion of the atmosphere with homogeneous properties and is classified by latitude, humidity, and temperature contrast.

4) What is a meteorological front, and how are fronts classified?. A) A front is the intersection line between two air masses, classified as cold, warm, occluded, or stationary. B) A front is a high-pressure system that separates two stable air masses, classified by wind speed. C) Fronts only occur in tropical regions and are classified by their humidity levels. D) A meteorological front is a boundary between identical air masses with the same temperature and pressure.

5) What is cyclogenesis, and when does explosive cyclogenesis occur?. A) Cyclogenesis is the process of cyclone formation, and explosive cyclogenesis occurs when pressure drops more than 24 hPa in 24 hours. B) Cyclogenesis refers to the formation of anticyclones, and explosive cyclogenesis happens when temperature increases rapidly. C) Cyclogenesis is the process of front dissipation, and explosive cyclogenesis occurs only in summer. D) Cyclogenesis is the formation of stationary fronts, and explosive cyclogenesis happens when two warm air masses collide.

6) How does the circulation of an anticyclone differ between hemispheres?. A) Anticyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. B) Anticyclones do not rotate; they remain stationary over time. C) Anticyclones rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. D) Anticyclones always move rapidly and unpredictably, regardless of the hemisphere.

7) What are TRS, and what conditions are necessary for their formation?. A) TRS are high-pressure systems that form over cold waters and weaken over warm areas. B) TRS form at any temperature and are not influenced by wind shear. C) TRS form exclusively at the poles and are strongest during winter. D) TRS are low-pressure systems that form over warm waters (≥26°C) with low wind shear and an unstable atmosphere.

8) What is the global circulation system, and what are its main components?. A) The global circulation system is a worldwide wind pattern that transports heat, consisting of Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells. B) The global circulation system only affects tropical regions and consists exclusively of the Hadley cell. C) The global circulation system is a local wind phenomenon caused by small-scale pressure changes. D) The global circulation system has no impact on climate or weather patterns.

9) What are local winds, and what factors influence their formation?. A) Local winds are global air currents that remain constant throughout the year. B) Local winds are air movements occurring in specific regions due to pressure and temperature differences, influenced by surface characteristics and elevation changes. C) Local winds are only found in mountainous areas and have no impact on coastal regions. D) Local winds are unpredictable and do not follow any specific patterns.

10) What is icing, and under what conditions does it occur?. A) Icing is the accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces, occurring due to supercooled water droplets at temperatures between 0°C and -40°C. B) Icing only occurs on the ground and is caused by condensation during cold nights. C) Icing happens exclusively in polar regions where temperatures are always below freezing. D) Icing occurs when aircraft fly through warm, humid air masses with high pressure.

11) Which type of icing is considered the most dangerous for aircraft?. A) Rime ice, because it forms a brittle and easily removable layer. B) Hoar frost, because it forms only on the ground and affects takeoff. C) Clear ice, because it is dense, transparent, strongly adheres to surfaces, and is difficult to remove. D) Mixed ice, because it only forms in warm air masses and has minimal impact on aircraft performance.

12) What is the freezing level (isocero), and why is it important in aviation?. A) The freezing level is the altitude of the 0°C isotherm, serving as a reference for potential icing formation. B) The freezing level refers to the lowest temperature recorded at ground level. C) The freezing level is the temperature at which fuel in aircraft tanks begins to solidify. D) The freezing level only affects tropical regions and has no impact on aviation safety.

13) What are the three key conditions required for a thunderstorm to form?. A) Strong surface winds, high atmospheric pressure, and a cold air mass. B) Atmospheric instability, atmospheric moisture, and a triggering mechanism. C) A stationary front, high humidity, and clear skies. D) Low humidity, high pressure, and the presence of stratiform clouds.

14) What are the three stages of a thunderstorm's life cycle?. A) Formation stage, stable stage, and extinction stage. B) Warm front stage, cold front stage, and occlusion stage. C) Cloud condensation stage, precipitation stage, and clearing stage. D) Developing stage, mature stage, and dissipating stage.

15) Which of the following statements correctly describes the different types of thunderstorms and their formation mechanisms?. A) Air mass thunderstorms form when a cold air mass advances over a warm surface, while frontal thunderstorms develop due to strong convective heating in tropical regions. B) Frontal thunderstorms are associated with weather fronts, where a cold air mass forces warm air to rise, while orographic thunderstorms form when moist air is lifted over mountains. C) Orographic thunderstorms occur only in coastal regions due to temperature differences between land and sea, and squall lines are a type of weak, short-lived thunderstorm system. D) Heat thunderstorms require strong cold fronts to develop, while air mass thunderstorms form exclusively in polar regions due to descending cold air.

16) What are some of the main in-flight hazards that pilots must consider?. A) Clear skies, stable atmospheric conditions, and light winds. B) Warm temperatures, high humidity, and calm winds. C) Increased oxygen levels, strong tailwinds, and clear air conditions. D) Icing, turbulence, wind shear, storms, tornadoes, and reduced visibility.

17) What is CATDEF, and what is its purpose?. A) CATDEF is a global weather prediction model used for civilian meteorological forecasting. B) CATDEF is the Catalog of Meteorological Data, Products, and Services for Defense, ensuring meteorological support for the Armed Forces and National Defense. C) CATDEF is a classification system for weather phenomena based on their severity. D) CATDEF is a training program for meteorologists specializing in military operations.

18) What are EMAe, OMAe, and OMD, and what are their functions?. A) They are global meteorological centers responsible for long-term climate forecasting. B) They are different types of meteorological service units within AEMET that provide observation and forecasting for aerodromes and defense operations. C) They are private weather organizations that supply data to commercial airlines. D) They are specific weather patterns that influence air mass movement.

19) What is METAR, and what type of information does it provide?. A) METAR is a long-term climate report that predicts weather conditions for the next month. B) METAR is a regularly issued aerodrome meteorological observation report that includes wind, visibility, cloud cover, temperature, and pressure. C) METAR is a global weather forecast model used exclusively by meteorologists. D) METAR is a storm warning system that only detects severe weather phenomena.

20) What is the purpose of SIGWX charts and AIREP Special reports in aviation meteorology?. A) SIGWX charts provide forecasts of significant weather conditions at various flight levels, while AIREP Special reports are real-time pilot observations of hazardous weather. B) SIGWX charts report real-time weather conditions, and AIREP Special reports provide long-term forecasts for en-route planning. C) SIGWX charts are used exclusively for military aviation, while AIREP Special reports are used for commercial flights. D) SIGWX charts focus on weather at ground level, while AIREP Special reports provide data only for highaltitude flights.