MIXED

¿UNIT 3-TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7(Subtopic 2 –Category development)From qualitative interviews, an EFL researcher identifies two types of learners: those who focus mainly on communicative fluency and those who prioritize grammatical accuracy. The researcher then divides the sample into these two subsamples and compares their TOEFL scores. This process is called:?. Independent data interpretation. Triangulation. Quantitizing. Typology/category development.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 8 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) After coding, the researcher enters all responses into IBM SPSS, defines variable names, and handles a few missing values and one extreme outlier (score = 55 on a 1–5 scale). This step corresponds to:?. Reducing data. Entering data into a computer program. Checking and organizing data. Analyzing the reliability of data.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 5 (Subtopic 1 – Style manuals) An applied linguistics student plans to analyze the reliability and validity of a new 50-item Ecuadorian EFL placement test before using it with learners. This study belongs to:?. Research on language tests and evaluations. Survey research. Correlational research. Experimental research.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Writing a qualitative report) During data collection for a study on Ecuadorian EFL teachers’ emotional experiences with online teaching, the researcher simultaneously transcribes interviews, writes reflective notes in a research diary, and begins assigning initial codes such as “tech anxiety” and “student connection.” This process illustrates which characteristic of qualitative data analysis?. Only statistical software such as SPSS is used from the beginning. Data analysis is a completely separate stage after all data collection ends. Raw data excerpts alone are sufficient without researcher interpretation. Data analysis is highly collaborative with data collection and includes keeping a research diary.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Writing a qualitative report) During data collection for a study on Ecuadorian EFL teachers’ emotional experiences with online teaching, the researcher simultaneously transcribes interviews, writes reflective notes in a research diary, and begins assigning initial codes such as “tech anxiety” and “student connection.” This process illustrates which characteristic of qualitative data analysis?. Only statistical software such as SPSS is used from the beginning. Data analysis is a completely separate stage after all data collection ends. Raw data excerpts alone are sufficient without researcher interpretation. Data analysis is highly collaborative with data collection and includes keeping a research diary.

¿UNIT 4-TOPIC 2–SUBTOPICS 2-Question 6(Subtopic 2–Writing a mixed method report) An EFL researcher first collects and analyzes survey data on 300 students’ motivation levels (quantitative), then conducts follow-up interviews with students who scored very high or very low to explain the statistical patterns. This follows which mixed-methods design?. Transformative design only. Convergent (one-phase) design. Side-by-side design. Explanatory sequential (one-after-the-other) design.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 14 (Subtopic 3 – Data presentation methods) A researcher presents EFL reading score trends for two experimental groups across six months using a line graph with two colored lines showing Group A consistently above Group B. This is an example of:?. Data coding. Graphical presentation of quantitative data. Descriptive statistics in tabular form. Inferential statistics only.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 4 (Subtopic 1 – Writing a qualitative report) In the results section of a qualitative study on Ecuadorian EFL classroom dynamics, the researcher includes double-indented data excerpts, indented researcher comments on those excerpts, and italicized larger arguments about what the data means. This writing technique demonstrates:?. Strict adherence to APA numerical reporting rules. The use of only quantitative tables and graphs. Proficient qualitative writing that integrates data excerpts, comments, and argument. The assumption that raw data will speak for itself.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) A researcher converts gender responses (male/female) to numbers (1 = male, 2 = female) and Likert-scale answers (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) for statistical analysis. This process is:?. Entering data into a computer program. Screening and cleaning data. Analyzing reliability. Coding data.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13 (Subtopic 3 – General considerations) A researcher planning a mixed-methods study on AI in EFL writing classes selects an explanatory sequential design because the quantitative survey results will be followed by qualitative interviews to explain unexpected statistical findings. This choice of design is part of which step in writing a mixed-methods report?. Writing the abstract only. Selecting the appropriate mixed methods research design. Data collection without planning. APA formatting of the title page.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 (Subtopic 1 – Writing a qualitative report) After coding interview transcripts from EFL learners about their identity in English, the researcher groups frequent codes such as “family expectations” and “peer pressure” under the heading “Social Influences on Identity.” Excerpts from the data are then used to support claims in the report. This step corresponds to which stage of qualitative analysis?. Assigning a code. Choosing a theme. Identifying the facts (only). Making an argument.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) In a study with 40 questionnaire items measuring the same construct (metacognitive strategies), the researcher creates composite scores by adding related items together to reduce the total number of variables. This is an example of:?. Reducing data. Checking and organizing data. Screening and cleaning data. Coding data.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10 (Subtopic 2 – Writing a mixed method report) In a mixed-methods report on technology in Ecuadorian EFL classrooms, the researcher presents survey results and interview themes together in the results section (not separated by method) and shows how they complement each other. This writing approach demonstrates:?. That data triangulation is the same as mixed methods. The use of only one-after-the-other design. The key principle of integration in mixed-methods reporting. The need to keep quantitative and qualitative sections completely separate.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Style manuals) A researcher distributes a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire to 250 high-school EFL students across Ecuador to measure their attitudes toward English-language songs and their self-reported listening comprehension improvement. This study follows which quantitative approach?. Survey research. Experimental research. Correlational research only. Research on language tests and evaluations.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 9 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) Using SPSS, the researcher runs Cronbach’s alpha on the strategy-use questionnaire (α = 0.82) and checks histograms to detect entry errors before further analysis. These actions belong to:?. Data reduction. Screening and cleaning data + analyzing the reliability of data. Coding data only. Entering data only.

¿UNIT 4-TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 2-Question 8 (Subtopic 2 –Writing a mixed method report) In the methods section of a mixed-methods EFL study, the researcher must justify why both quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data were collected and explain how the two datasets were integrated to answer the research questions. This requirement comes from the principle that:?. Any mixed-methods investigation must explain why and how two distinct approaches were blended. Data triangulation alone is sufficient. Only quantitative data needs justification. Mixing data is optional in MMR.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 6 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) The researcher decides that the qualitative interview findings are more important than the survey numbers and therefore gives priority to the qualitative data when interpreting the overall results. According to mixed-methods principles, this decision:?. Means only quantitizing will be used. Requires independent mixing only. Is irrelevant to data mixing. Helps organize the analysis and interpretation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 9 (Subtopic 2 – Category development)A researcher creates categories from quantitative test scores (e.g., high, medium, low proficiency) and then looks for patterns in the students’ reflective journals within each proficiency group. This illustrates:?. Only qualitizing data. Convergence procedure. Independent mixing at the end. Typology development using a quantitative sorting category.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 15 (Subtopic 3 – Areas of research) In mixed-methods research in applied linguistics, the first critical step to design a study about EFL teaching or learning in Ecuador is:?. Deciding whether to use independent or interactive mixing. Quantitizing all qualitative data first. Making good research questions aligned to solve, explore or analyze a learning/teaching process. Choosing the statistical test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 11 (Subtopic 3 – Areas of research) An Ecuadorian pre-service teacher wants to investigate how social media influences the development of sociolinguistic competence in secondary-school English learners. This topic belongs to which area of applied linguistics research?. Technology and Technology-enhanced Instruction. Assessment and Assessment-related Topics. Language Skills and Subskills. Politics, Policies and Practices in Language Education.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 10 (Subtopic 3 – Non-parametric tests) A researcher classifies 200 EFL students into three proficiency levels (Beginner / Intermediate / Advanced) and records whether they passed or failed a standardized exam. Which non-parametric test is most suitable to check if proficiency level and exam success are related?. Kruskal-Wallis test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Spearman’s rank order correlation. Chi-square test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13 (Subtopic 3 – Areas of research) The same researcher also asks: “Does this study advance knowledge?” and “Will it fill a gap or void in the existing literature?” These questions evaluate:?. Only the quantitative part of the design. Feasibility of data collection. Category development. Whether the researcher should study the problem.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 5 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) In a mixed-methods study, the researcher converts qualitative themes about classroom anxiety into numerical frequency scores and then combines them with quantitative survey results to create a single new variable called “anxiety index.” This technique is called:?. Collaboration. Independent mixing. Convergence. Data merging.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 4 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) After obtaining mean scores and standard deviations from a motivation questionnaire, a researcher writes narrative profiles of “highly motivated” and “low-motivated” Ecuadorian EFL students based on those numbers. This is an example of:?. Triangulation. Category development. Qualitizing data. Quantitizing data.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 5 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) A researcher wants to know whether there is a linear relationship between the number of hours per week Ecuadorian EFL students spend watching English videos and their TOEFL iBT listening scores (both measured on continuous scales). Which statistical test is most appropriate?. Pearson product-moment correlation. Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square test. Kruskal-Wallis test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) An EFL teacher first analyzes interview data about students’ difficulties with online English classes and then uses those emerging themes to create survey items that are later quantified and compared statistically. This mixing of data occurs:?. Only at the end of the study (independent). In between or during the analysis (interactive). Only after quantitizing the qualitative data. Without any transformation of data.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) A researcher collects quantitative survey scores on EFL students’ motivation (n=150) and qualitative interview transcripts about their reasons for learning English. To strengthen the findings, the researcher checks whether the statistical results and the themes from the interviews point to the same conclusion about motivation. Which mixed-methods procedure is being used?. Data merging. Collaboration. Convergence. Triangulation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) A researcher compares post-test writing scores of four groups of EFL learners who received four different types of written corrective feedback. Which inferential test is appropriate?. Independent-samples t-test. Chi-square test. One-way ANOVA. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10 (Subtopic 2 – Category development) The main purpose of typology/category development in mixed methods is to:?. Avoid using statistics. Replace triangulation. Only transform qualitative data into numbers. Classify the information better by dividing the sample into subsamples.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 4-Question 13 (Subtopic 4 – Content analysis and grounded theory) A researcher collects 25 semi-structured interviews with Ecuadorian EFL teachers about their experiences with AI tools in the classroom. The goal is to identify recurring words and patterns (e.g., frequency of “time-saving”, “accuracy problems”, “student motivation”). Which qualitative method is most appropriate?. Content analysis. Inferential statistics. Parametric testing. Grounded theory.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 8. A researcher is worried that her findings on a new teaching method were actually caused by the students' extra tutoring outside of class, rather than the method itself. This concern relates to:?. Criterion validity. Internal validity. External validity. Face validity.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 2. You want to study classroom interaction. You decide to use a quantitative tally sheet to count teacher-student turns and a qualitative video-recorded observation to capture the tone of those turns. This approach follows Turner’s (2003) "fundamental principle" of mixed research by:?. Combining methods to result in complementary strengths and non-overlapping weaknesses. Choosing only one method to save time. Using two methods that produce identical results to prove the hypothesis. Avoiding the use of any numerical data.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 11. An English teacher conducts a study where she writes about her own personal struggles and successes while learning German as a third language to better understand her students' experiences. This is:?. Autoethnography. A quasi-experiment. A trend study. A census.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 14. A major challenge in classroom observation is the "Observer Effect," where students change their behavior because they know they are being watched. This makes the data:?. Less representative of the "natural" classroom. More statistically significant. More authentic. Easier to collect.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 & 4-QUESTION 15. According to the research sequence described by Zhao & Sun (2019), what is the "starting point" of the research process?. Collecting the final data. Identifying an area of investigation in the exploration phase. The identification phase. Analyzing the results in SPSS.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-QUESTION 7. You are observing a class and decide to focus only on "Teacher-Student Interaction." You ignore the classroom decorations, the students' clothes, and the noise from the hallway. This decision is part of determining:?. How to record without bias. Who observes whom. What to observe. When to intervene.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 4-QUESTION 12. According to Dörnyei (2010), when formulating a problem, which two questions should a researcher ask themselves about their research questions?. Are they numerical or qualitative?. Are they easy to answer and fast to complete?. Are they popular and trendy in the field?. Are they worth asking and worth answering?.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 2. An English teacher administers a standardized proficiency test to 500 students across the city to determine the average TOEFL score. This data is then processed using SPSS software. This is an example of: Mixed methods research. Quantitative research. Holistic analysis. Qualitative research.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3- QUESTION- 11. A researcher conducts a "Simultaneous Cross-sectional Study" by testing 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and 15-year-olds on their grammar knowledge all in the same month. What is the main risk of this design?. Participants will get tired of the testing. High attrition rates over the 10-year gap. It takes too long to get the results. "Cohort effects" (differences might be due to different generations/education, not age).

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4- QUESTION- 15. A researcher is choosing a design. They have a limited budget and need results by next month to present at a conference. Which design should they choose?. Sequential explanatory design over two years. Cross-sectional design. Panel study. Longitudinal qualitative case study.