MIXED METHODS

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 6 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) After collecting 300 completed questionnaires from EFL students, the researcher checks that every participant answered all items and assigns each student a unique ID code before entering data. This stage is called:?. Checking and organizing data. Reducing data. Coding data. Screening and cleaning data.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 11 (Subtopic 3 – Non-parametric tests) A study compares pre- and post-test motivation scores (ordinal Likert data) for the same group of 45 EFL students after a semester of task-based instruction. Which non-parametric test is appropriate?. Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Kruskal-Wallis test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 6 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) An experimental study compares the mean grammar post-test scores of two groups: one taught with traditional methods (n=30) and one taught with gamification (n=32). The researcher wants to check if the difference is statistically significant. Which test should be used?. Content analysis. ANOVA. Spearman’s rank order correlation. Independent-samples t-test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 9 (Subtopic 3 – Non-parametric tests) An EFL attitude survey uses a 5-point Likert scale but the data are not normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p < .05). The researcher needs to compare attitudes between male and female students. Which test should be chosen instead of the independent-samples t-test?. Pearson correlation. Linear regression. One-way ANOVA. Mann-Whitney U test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 4-Question 13 (Subtopic 4 – Content analysis and grounded theory) A researcher collects 25 semi-structured interviews with Ecuadorian EFL teachers about their experiences with AI tools in the classroom. The goal is to identify recurring words and patterns (e.g., frequency of “time-saving”, “accuracy problems”, “student motivation”). Which qualitative method is most appropriate?. Parametric testing. Content analysis. Inferential statistics. Grounded theory.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 5 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) A researcher wants to know whether there is a linear relationship between the number of hours per week Ecuadorian EFL students spend watching English videos and their TOEFL iBT listening scores (both measured on continuous scales). Which statistical test is most appropriate?. Pearson product-moment correlation. Kruskal-Wallis test. Chi-square test. Mann-Whitney U test.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) A researcher compares post-test writing scores of four groups of EFL learners who received four different types of written corrective feedback. Which inferential test is appropriate?. One-way ANOVA. Chi-square test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Independent-samples t-test.

UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 (Subtopic 1 – Data and statistics) An applied linguistics researcher wants to generalize findings about the effect of extensive reading on vocabulary growth from a sample of 80 Ecuadorian high-school students to the entire population of similar students in the country. Which branch of statistics will allow the researcher to make this generalization?. Content analysis. Descriptive statistics only. Inferential statistics. Measures of variability.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 12 (Subtopic 3 – Non-parametric tests) Three different teaching methods (A, B, and C) are applied to three intact classes. The researcher has ordinal ranking data of student engagement that violate normality assumptions. Which test replaces one-way ANOVA?. Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square test. Spearman correlation. Kruskal-Wallis test.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 (Subtopic 1 – Style manuals) A teacher-researcher examines existing student records to see if there is a relationship between hours spent on Duolingo (independent variable) and final EFL exam scores (dependent variable) without manipulating any conditions. This is an example of:?. Individual differences research. Experimental research. Language testing validation research. Correlational research.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) A researcher converts gender responses (male/female) to numbers (1 = male, 2 = female) and Likert-scale answers (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) for statistical analysis. This process is:?. Entering data into a computer program. Screening and cleaning data. Coding data. Analyzing reliability.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10 (Subtopic 2 – Structure) In a study with 40 questionnaire items measuring the same construct (metacognitive strategies), the researcher creates composite scores by adding related items together to reduce the total number of variables. This is an example of:?. Checking and organizing data. Screening and cleaning data. Coding data. Reducing data.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 4 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) After obtaining mean scores and standard deviations from a motivation questionnaire, a researcher writes narrative profiles of “highly motivated” and “low-motivated” Ecuadorian EFL students based on those numbers. This is an example of:?. Qualitizing data. Triangulation. Quantitizing data. Category development.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) A researcher has rich qualitative descriptions from EFL teachers about their use of AI tools but wants to run statistical tests on how frequently certain practices appear. What process must the researcher apply to the qualitative data?. Quantitizing. Data merging. Independent interpretation. Qualitizing.

¿UNIT 3-TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7(Subtopic 2 –Category development)From qualitative interviews, an EFL researcher identifies two types of learners: those who focus mainly on communicative fluency and those who prioritize grammatical accuracy. The researcher then divides the sample into these two subsamples and compares their TOEFL scores. This process is called:?. Triangulation. Independent data interpretation. Typology/category development. Quantitizing.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 5 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) In a mixed-methods study, the researcher converts qualitative themes about classroom anxiety into numerical frequency scores and then combines them with quantitative survey results to create a single new variable called “anxiety index.” This technique is called:?. Collaboration. Independent mixing. Data merging. Convergence.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Data and statistics)An EFL teacher collects survey data from 120 university students asking: “How often do you practice English outside class?” with options: Never / Once a week / 2–3 times a week / Every day. Which type of quantitative data has the teacher collected?. Ordinal data. Interval data. Nominal (categorical) data. Ratio data.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Style manuals) An Ecuadorian pre-service teacher wants to investigate whether providing immediate oral corrective feedback (independent variable) improves EFL learners’ speaking accuracy (dependent variable) more than delayed feedback. Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups under controlled classroom conditions. Which quantitative research design best matches this plan?. Individual differences (ex post facto) research. Survey research. Experimental research. Correlational research.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 5 (Subtopic 1 – Style manuals) An applied linguistics student plans to analyze the reliability and validity of a new 50-item Ecuadorian EFL placement test before using it with learners. This study belongs to:?. Correlational research. Research on language tests and evaluations. Survey research. Experimental research.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13 (Subtopic 3 – Data presentation methods) In the discussion section of a quantitative EFL study, the author writes: “Although my personal teaching philosophy may have influenced how I interpreted the results, I followed standardized procedures to minimize bias.” This reflects:?. A purely positivist view. Only descriptive statistics. A postpositivist view. Data reduction.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 (Subtopic 1 – Writing a qualitative report) After coding interview transcripts from EFL learners about their identity in English, the researcher groups frequent codes such as “family expectations” and “peer pressure” under the heading “Social Influences on Identity.” Excerpts from the data are then used to support claims in the report. This step corresponds to which stage of qualitative analysis?. Assigning a code. Identifying the facts (only). Choosing a theme. Making or argument.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 9 (Subtopic 2 – Writing a mixed method report) An applied linguistics researcher follows Ivankova and Creswell’s (2009) steps: decides MMR is appropriate, chooses an exploratory sequential design, writes a mixed-methods purpose statement, and develops separate quantitative and qualitative research questions. These actions represent:?. Only the data-collection stage. Steps used exclusively in purely quantitative report. General considerations for APA formatting. The first four planning steps for conducting an MMR study.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10 (Subtopic 2 – Writing a mixed method report) In a mixed-methods report on technology in Ecuadorian EFL classrooms, the researcher presents survey results and interview themes together in the results section (not separated by method) and shows how they complement each other. This writing approach demonstrates:?. The need to keep quantitative and qualitative sections completely separate. The key principle of integration in mixed-methods reporting. The use of only one-after-the-other design. That data triangulation is the same as mixed methods.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 5 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) A researcher wants to know whether there is a linear relationship between the number of hours per week Ecuadorian EFL students spend watching English videos and their TOEFL iBT listening scores (both measured on continuous scales). Which statistical test is most appropriate?. Kruskal-Wallis test. Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square test. Pearson product-moment correlation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 4-Question 15 (Subtopic 4 – Content analysis and grounded theory) An EFL researcher is exploring the completely new phenomenon of “emotional labor of online English tutors in Ecuador” and finds almost no existing literature. The researcher conducts iterative interviews, writes memos, constantly compares data, and lets a theory emerge directly from the participants’ words rather than testing preconceived hypotheses. Which method is being used?. Pearson correlation. Content analysis. Chi-square test. Grounded theory (constant comparison analysis).

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) An EFL teacher first analyzes interview data about students’ difficulties with online English classes and then uses those emerging themes to create survey items that are later quantified and compared statistically. This mixing of data occurs:?. In between or during the analysis (interactive). Without any transformation of data. Only at the end of the study (independent). Only after quantitizing the qualitative data.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 8 (Subtopic 2 – Comparisons and correlation) The same researcher later wants to know not only whether corrective feedback type and writing improvement are related, but also to predict the amount of improvement from the type of feedback given. Which technique goes beyond simple correlation?. Point-biserial correlation. Regression analysis. Partial correlation. Pearson correlation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1 – Data and statistics)A researcher obtains vocabulary test scores from two intact EFL classes. The distribution is strongly skewed because three students scored 95–100 while most scored 40–60. Which measure of central tendency best describes the “typical” score for each class?. Range. Median. Mean. Mode.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Data analysis and interpretation) A researcher collects quantitative survey scores on EFL students’ motivation (n=150) and qualitative interview transcripts about their reasons for learning English. To strengthen the findings, the researcher checks whether the statistical results and the themes from the interviews point to the same conclusion about motivation. Which mixed-methods procedure is being used?. Triangulation. Data merging. Convergence. Collaboration.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4- QUESTION- 15. A researcher is choosing a design. They have a limited budget and need results by next month to present at a conference. Which design should they choose?. Longitudinal qualitative case study. Panel study. Cross-sectional design. Sequential explanatory design over two years.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3- QUESTION- 9. A professor wants to study the long-term impact of a 2015 curriculum change. He looks at the 2024 test scores of students and asks them to reflect back and describe their learning habits from ten years ago. This is a:?. Retrospective longitudinal study. Cross-sectional snapshot. Prospective longitudinal study. Concurrent triangulation.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 1. A researcher wants to understand the deep-seated cultural beliefs of students regarding English immersion programs. She spends three months observing a single classroom and taking detailed notes on student interactions. This study is primarily:?. Qualitative research. Statistical analysis. Experimental research. Quantitative research.