PEC 2 Energy Storage

Which of these battery technologies has the highest number of operating cycles under normal operating conditions?. Sodium-Sulfur. Lithium-Ion. Vanadium Flow. Lead-Acid.

What is the operating potential of a Lithium-Ion battery cell?. 4 V. 1.26 V. 2 V. 12 2 V.

In supercapacitor systems for electrical energy storage: Its highest discharge power is produced when it is completely charged. They have a better discharge response stability than Lead-Acid. Its nominal voltage must be exceeded for a full charge. From 80% of discharge, they suffer a sudden drop in discharge potential.

Regarding hydrogen as an energy vector: It is currently mainly produced by water electrolysis. It can be transported in current natural gas networks without modification up to concentrations of 50% vol/vol. It presents many difficulties in both its storage and its transport. In both cases, it implies a non-negligible energy consumption. It has a lower heating value per unit of mass (LHV in MJ/kg) of about 4 times less than gasoline.

Which of these systems does not use Carbon as one of its fundamental materials?. Lead-Acid Batteries. Supercapacitors. Lithium-Ion Battery. High-speed flywheels.

One of the main characteristics of supercapacitors is that. they are based on electrochemical exchanges. they are based on the accumulation of electrostatic charges. they are capable of storing a lot of energy to be discharged in hours. they are used for alternating current systems.

The production of e-fuels (electro-fuels or synthetic fuels) using power-to-liquids fundamentally consists of. in its manufacturing process, around 20% of the energy is lost. producing ammonia NH3 for fertilizers from hydrogen obtained by electrolysis and renewable energy. combining grey hydrogen and CO2 to obtain a hydrocarbon using the Haber-Bosch procedure. combining green hydrogen and captured CO/CO2 to obtain a hydrocarbon using the Fischer-Tropsch procedure.

Vanadium Flow battery technology consists of electrolytic cells with a potential of. 2 V. 1.26 V. 4 V. 12 V.

The greatest advantage of alkaline electrolyzers is. It adapts very well to variable load, which makes it the main technology to hybridize with fluctuating renewable energies. In general, the catalysts (nickel) are cheap, so the specific cost of alkaline electrolyzers is reduced compared to other technologies. The ability to work at high pressures, which reduces the work of H2 compression for its storage and/or transport. Obtaining H2 directly in the gas phase, which eliminates the need for an H2/water separator.

Which of these elements cannot be considered an energy vector?. Methane. Ammonia. Water. Methanol.

A significant disadvantage of PEM ("Proton Exchange Membrane") electrolyzers is: The high cost of the catalysts, such as: platinum, gold, or iridium. Their poor efficiency at partial and variable load, which makes their coupling with fluctuating renewable energies difficult. The need to separate H2 from water at the cathode. Their extremely poor performance (45%).

In a flywheel consisting of a solid cylinder, the maximum storable energy density (J/kg). Does not depend on the characteristic length of the cylinder. Depends on the rotation speed. Is independent of the ratio between admissible stress and material density. Is a function solely of the material's admissible stress.