PR0P3

Lymphedema is best defined as: Excess of plasma proteins in blood. Local edema caused by lymphatic obstruction. Fluid accumulation in pleural cavity. Inflammation of lymphatic vessels.

What is the main purpose of animal restraint during clinical examination?: Ensure safety of animal, staff, and owner. Demonstrate dominance over the animal. Speed up the examination. Cause submission through pain.

The primary function of the Elizabethan collar is to: Prevent licking or biting wounds. Restrain movement of the legs. Facilitate auscultation. Protect ears from trauma.

Granulomatous lymphadenitis is commonly associated with: Fungal or mycobacterial infections. Viral infections. Parasitic infestation. Trauma.

What is a common restraint technique for sheep?: Sitting the animal on its rump (tipping). Applying a twitch. Wrapping in a towel. Blindfolding.

Which lymph nodes are most commonly involved in the spread of oral melanoma in dogs?: Mandibular lymph nodes. Popliteal lymph nodes. Mesenteric lymph nodes. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

What is a typical finding in dogs with BCS 2/9?: Prominent ribs and pelvic bones with minimal fat cover. Massive fat deposits. Normal waist. Abdominal distension.

Inflammation of lymph nodes is called: Lymphadenitis. Lymphoma. Lymphadenopathy. Leukaemia.

On a 5-point BCS scale, which scores represent ideal condition for cats?: 2.5-3. 1. 4.5-5. 0.5.

Splenic rupture most often leads to: Haemoperitoneum and shock. Ascites. Dyspnoea. Epistaxis.

Footbaths at the entrance of hospital areas are designed to: Reduce microbial contamination carried on footwear. Dry the boots. Decorate the floor. Measure humidity.

Which is the single most effective measure to prevent infection transmission in clinical practice?: Proper hand hygiene. Wearing boots. Using an apron. Spraying disinfectant in the room.

Which part of the spleen is mainly responsible for immune functions?: White pulp. Red pulp. Capsule. Hilum.

Which is a simple and effective way to restrain a calf?: Grasping under the chest and around the hindquarters. Using a twitch. Pulling the tail strongly. Using a towel wrap.

Which tool is commonly used to restrain pigs?: Snare. Nose twitch. Elizabethan collar. Head gate.

Which of the following is a common primary neoplasm of the spleen in cats?: Lymphoma. Osteosarcoma. Fibrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma.

Auscultation is the clinical method that consists of: Inspection of the skin. Percussion of the abdomen. Listening to the sounds produced by functional activity of organs. Palpating muscles.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four classical methods of clinical examination?: Inspection. Palpation. Percussion. Fluoroscopy.

An accessory spleen is: A congenital anomaly consisting of additional splenic tissue. A splenic neoplasm. An infectious lesion. A traumatic lesion.

Which sign is typical of lameness during gait observation?: Toe dragging. Regular head carriage. Symmetric posture. Constant trotting.

Which is NOT a common cause of lymphadenopathy?: Infectious disease. Neoplasia. Immune-mediated disease. Congenital cataracts.

A limitation of lymph node cytology is: It does not assess architecture of the lymph node. It cannot detect neoplastic cells. It always causes severe haemorrhage. It is more invasive than excisional biopsy.

Lymphadenopathy is defined as: Abnormal size, number or consistency of lymph nodes. Absence of lymph nodes. Presence of oedema. Inflammation of the spleen.

Which BCS score indicates moderate obesity in dogs?: 5/9. 3/9. 7/9. 1/9.

Which is NOT a common cause of lymph node enlargement?: Infection. Neoplasia. Inmune-mediated disease. Fracture.

What is the recommended duration for effective handwashing with soap and water?: At least 20 seconds. 5 seconds. 1 minute minimum. Until hands feel dry.

Which lymph nodes are most commonly enlarged in cats with lymphoma?: Peripheral lymph nodes. Mesenteric lymph nodes only. Deep thoracic lymph nodes. None of them.

In cats, which is a health risk associated with obesity?: Hepatic lipidosis. Otitis externa. Conjunctivitis. Epistaxis.

Which cytological finding is typical of metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node?: Clusters of epithelial cells with malignant features. Numerous small lymphocytes. Giant multinucleated cells. Necrotic debris only.

The purpose of an isolation ward in a veterinary hospital is: Prevent spread of contagious diseases to other animals and staff. Provide intensive care to all patients. Offer surgical recovery. Improve nutrition monitoring.

What is the normal resting respiratory rate of an adult dog?: 10–30 breaths per minute. 30–60 breaths per minute. 5–10 breaths per minute. 40–80 breaths per minute.

What is the normal resting heart rate of adult cattle?: 60–80 beats per minute. 20–40 beats per minute. 100–140 beats per minute. 10–20 beats per minute.

Which systemic condition may accompany malignant lymphoma?: Paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. Hypoglycaemia. Polycythaemia. Hyperthyroidism.

What is a critical safety point when restraining rabbits?: Support the hindquarters to prevent spinal fractures. Hold only by the ears. Keep in dorsal recumbency at all times. Lift by the scruff without support.

Clinical waste such as contaminated bandages should be disposed of: In designated biohazard containers or bags. With regular household trash. Burned openly. Flushed in the sink.

When restraining a foal, it is recommended to: Keep the mare nearby to reduce stress. Separate the foal completely. Blindfold the foal immediately. Apply a twitch to the foal.

Gloves are used during examination to: Increase palpation sensitivity. Protect from contamination. Replace instruments. Improve auscultation.

Which essential nutrient is required in cat diets but not in dogs?: Taurine. Vitamin C. Vitamin K. Zinc.

Metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node is identified cytologically by: Clusters of epithelial cells with malignant features. Only small lymphocytes. Abundant eosinophils. Necrotic debris alone.

Which feature is typical of an ideal body condition score in dogs?: Visible waist and abdominal tuck. Flat abdomen without tuck. Pendulous abdomen. No visible waist.

Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are effective against: Most bacteria and viruses but not spores. All microbial life including spores. Only fungi. Only parasites.

For cat-friendly handling, it is recommended to: Shake the cat out. Allow cat to stay in carrier if relaxed. Use nets first. Avoid towels.

Pharmacological immobilization in dogs is indicated when: Always required. Needed for safety and comfort. Owner insists. For play.

What is the normal respiratory rate of goats?: 15–30 breaths per minute. 5–10 breaths per minute. 40–60 breaths per minute. 60–100 breaths per minute.

A resonant percussion sound is characteristic of: Air-containing organs such as normal lungs. Solid organs like liver. Fluid-filled cavities. Bone tissue.

Which of the following organs is commonly evaluated by auscultation in veterinary clinical examination?: Liver. Spleen. Heart. Kidneys.

In an ideal BCS (5/9), how should the ribs be assessed?: Easily palpable with slight fat covering. Not palpable at all. Clearly visible from a distance. Covered by heavy fat layer.

The stethoscope is mainly used for: Auscultation of heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal sounds. Measuring body temperature. Inspecting the eyes. Testing reflexes.

What is the most common consequence of blunt trauma to the spleen?: Splenic rupture. Splenic torsion. Splenomegaly. Splenitis.

Histiocytic proliferation in lymph nodes may indicate: Histiocytic sarcoma. Lymphoid hyperplasia. Normal reactive node. Parasitic disease.

On a 9-point scale, what is the ideal body condition score (BCS) for dogs?: 1-3. 4-5. 6-7. 8-9.

Which of the following is a typical sign of a fearful cat?: Flattened ears and hissing. Purring softly. Kneading with paws. Rolling on the back.

Which is a common method of restraining cattle on farms?: Using a head gate or chute. Using a towel wrap. Applying a twitch. Using blindfolds.

Which technique often provides better preserved cytological specimens of lymph nodes?: Fine needle non-aspiration technique. Surgical excision. Biopsy punch. Core biopsy.

A dull percussion sound is typical when percussing over: Air-filled lungs. Solid organs like the liver or heart. Stomach with gas. Trachea.

What is the normal resting respiratory rate of an adult cat?: 20–30 breaths per minute. 5–10 breaths per minute. 60–80 breaths per minute. 40–60 breaths per minute.

Which change is usually detected by inspection during clinical exam?: Size. Temperature. Tone. Heart rhythm.

The red pulp of the spleen is responsible for: Blood filtration and removal of old erythrocytes. Immune response. Production of hormones. Calcium storage.

On large farms, restraint methods often include: Traditional recumbency techniques. Laser collars. Soft toys. Automatic feeders.

The primary role of gloves in clinical examination is: Protecting both examiner and patient from contamination. Improving palpation sensitivity. Reinforcing auscultation sounds. Replacing hand hygiene.

Generalised lymphadenopathy refers to: Enlargement of multiple lymph nodes in different body regions. Enlargement of only one lymph node. Congenital absence of lymph nodes. Inflammation of the spleen.

Fine needle aspiration should be obtained from: Only one enlarged node. All enlarged nodes. Only submandibular nodes. Avoid all nodes.

What is the normal resting heart rate of an adult cat?: 140–220 beats per minute. 60–120 beats per minute. 30–50 beats per minute. 220–300 beats per minute.

Which cytological finding suggests fungal lymphadenitis?: Yeast or hyphal organisms within macrophages. Clusters of epithelial cells. Pure small lymphocytes. Necrotic debris alone.

Splenic congestion may occur in which situation?: Right-sided heart failure. Otitis media. Arthritis. Dermatitis.