prope priemr parcial digestivo pt1

During a routine oral examination, which finding MOST strongly suggests glossitis rather than normal variation?. Slight fissuring along the midline without inflammation. A smooth, moist tongue surface with normal papillae. Ulcerative, erythematous patches on the dorsal tongue with pain on palpation. Mild, symmetrical pigment spots without pain.

In a dog with diarrhoea, which finding indicates significant dehydration?. Increased salivation and moist nose. Delayed skin tent and dry mucous membranes. Normal pulse and capillary refill <1 second. Moist mucous membranes and rapid skin return.

What is the diagnostic relevance of oral palpation during propedeutic examination?. To assess hydration by feeling saliva consistency. To detect pain, masses, or dental abnormalities not visible during inspection. To evaluate swallowing reflexes only. To measure oral pH with litmus paper.

In small animal abdominal examination, what is the primary diagnostic value of ballottement?. Assessment of gastric tympany only. Detection of peritoneal fluid by feeling a fluid wave and identifying floating organs/masses. Auscultation of intestinal borborygmi. Evaluation of renal size and shape.

Which animal posture is often observed with cranial abdominal pain of pancreatic origin?. Head pressing against walls with ataxia. Curled 'doughnut' position with relaxed abdomen. Prayer position with forelimbs extended and elbows abducted. Ventral recumbency with hindlimbs extended caudally (frog-leg).

Which vomiting pattern is MORE compatible with pancreatic cranial abdominal pain than primary gastric disease?. Occasional hairball vomiting in a long-haired cat. Vomiting only after car travel with normal abdominal palpation. Vomiting associated with marked cranial abdominal guarding and prayer position. Vomiting that is relieved by eating and occurs mainly before meals.

Which pattern is MOST consistent with small-bowel diarrhoea?. Frequent small volumes with mucus, urgency, and hematochezia. Marked tenesmus with fresh blood and minimal weight loss. Marked urgency, flatulence, and mucus as dominant signs. Large volume, weight loss, possible melena; mucus and tenesmus uncommon.

Which observation during feeding BEST suggests oropharyngeal dysphagia?. Coprophagia following a long walk. Projectile vomiting immediately after eating. Repeated attempts to swallow with gagging and food dropping from the mouth. Regurgitation hours after a meal without effort.

Which clinical scenario MOST likely explains ptyalism observed during the digestive exam?. Physiological response to low room humidity. Oral pain, nausea, or oesophageal irritation. Physiological excitement after exercise only. Primary renal polyuria.

Which perineal inspection finding MOST supports large-bowel involvement?. Melena reported with no perineal staining. Fresh blood and mucus staining around the anus with tenesmus history. No staining and normal defecation frequency. Pale, voluminous faeces with rancid odour.

Which finding on cranial abdominal palpation MOST suggests hepatomegaly in a dog?. Ballottement revealing a fluid wave. A firm, smooth liver edge felt just beyond the costal arch on inspiration. A sharp, painful edge not extending beyond the costal margin. Absence of any palpable liver edge during calm breathing.

Which description BEST fits a pure transudate from a dog with chronic liver failure?. Milky white with triglycerides higher than serum. Clear, colourless to pale yellow, low protein (<2.5 g/dL), low nucleated cell count. Turbid, reddish, high protein (>3.5 g/dL), high nucleated cell count. Greenish-yellow with bile pigment.

In dogs, which fasting serum cTLI value is considered confirmatory for EPI?. 2.5–5.7 µg/L confirms EPI and needs no retest. cTLI is not affected by fasting status and any value <10 µg/L confirms EPI. > 15 µg/L after >8 hours fasting. < 2.5 µg/L after >8 hours fasting.

Which combination lists primarily LIVER FUNCTION tests rather than injury/leakage/induction enzymes?. Albumin, glucose, total bilirubin, ammonia, and coagulation times. ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT. ALP, GGT, and cholesterol only. Creatine kinase, lactate, and ALT.

On gentle palpation, what does a 'rope-like' sensation of small intestines MOST likely represent?. Normal peristaltic waves in a relaxed abdomen. Thickened intestinal loops consistent with chronic enteropathy. A distended urinary bladder. Pancreatic tissue palpated caudal to the stomach.

Which palpation finding is MOST consistent with pancreatic discomfort in dogs?. Crepitus on palpation of the left flank. Guarding and pain on palpation of the cranial mid-right abdomen. Fluctuant mass in the caudal abdomen. Pitting oedema over the ventral abdomen.

Melena and hematochezia indicate bleeding from which primary segments, respectively?. Upper GI tract (melena) and distal colon/rectum (hematochezia). Both typically indicate small-intestinal bleeding. Distal colon/rectum (melena) and upper GI tract (hematochezia). Both typically indicate gastric bleeding.

Which ultrasonographic finding MOST strongly suggests hepatomegaly?. Microhepatica with cranial displacement of the stomach. Irregular hypoechoic nodules within the parenchyma. Rounded liver margins extending beyond the costal arch with caudal displacement of the stomach. Collapsed gallbladder and normal stomach position.

In a young dog with intermittent small-bowel diarrhoea, which diagnostic approach is MOST appropriate for Giardia?. Single direct faecal smear only. Zinc sulphate faecal flotation and/or a faecal antigen (ELISA) test. Rectal cytology alone. Serum amylase and lipase activities.

Which clinical findings BEST fit ~8–10% dehydration in a dog?. Collapsed peripheral veins but moist mucosa and normal eye position. Moist mucous membranes and bounding pulses. Prolonged skin tent, dry tacky mucous membranes, sunken eyes, and tachycardia. Normal mucous membranes with slightly delayed capillary refill time.

A 'pear-shaped' abdomen in a dog at rest MOST commonly suggests which clinical situation?. Severe hepatomegaly with cranial abdominal bulge. Free abdominal fluid accumulating ventrally (ascites). Marked gastric gas distension (gastric tympany) without fluid. Generalised obesity with uniform fat distribution.

Which of the following represents the CORRECT stepwise diagnostic approach for chronic enteropathy?. Begin with antibiotics and avoid diet trials. Rule out parasitism → dietary trial → antibiotic trial → corticosteroid trial. Perform colonoscopy first, then rule out parasites. Start corticosteroids immediately, then perform faecal exam.

Which observation BEST fits a typical regurgitation episode in a dog?. Passive expulsion of undigested food without nausea or abdominal contractions. Active retching with abdominal press and bile staining. Prodromal hypersalivation followed by forceful expulsion. Projectile expulsion of digested food after nausea.

Which palpation finding is MOST consistent with acute gastric gas dilatation?. Tense, tympanic cranial abdomen with discomfort. Soft, compressible structure in the mid-abdomen. No tympany and no discomfort on percussion. Fluctuant, cool mass in the caudal abdomen.

An abnormal SNAP cPL®/fPL® result indicates which of the following?. Pancreatitis is possible and further evaluation (imaging and Spec cPL®) is warranted. Pancreatitis is confirmed and no additional testing is needed. The patient has insulinoma until proven otherwise. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is confirmed.

A persistent succussion splash >3 hours after a meal MOST strongly suggests which condition?. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Delayed gastric emptying or pyloric outflow obstruction. Portal hypertension. Acute colitis.

Which is the CORRECT protocol for a bile acids stimulation test in dogs?. Administer IV glucose, then sample at 30 minutes. Fast 12 hours → baseline sample → feed a fatty meal → postprandial sample at ~2 hours. Collect a single random sample after exercise. Fast 2 hours → baseline sample only; no feeding required.

Which external physical examination sign may accompany microhepatica in a young small-breed dog?. Diffuse ventral oedema of the limbs only. Proportionally small cranial abdominal contour with poor body condition. Marked cranial abdominal bulge with rounded edges. Pronounced cough on tracheal palpation.

Which clinical signs are MOST typical of gastric dilation–volvulus (GDV) in dogs?. Coughing and exercise intolerance. Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Non-productive retching, abdominal distension, and rapid progression to shock. Productive vomiting, diarrhoea, and fever.

Which dietary strategy is MOST appropriate after stabilization of acute pancreatitis in dogs?. Strict fasting for at least 7 days. Low-fat, highly digestible diet reintroduced early when vomiting has ceased. High-fat, energy-dense diet to promote recovery. High-protein raw diet with minimal carbohydrates.

In early icterus, which site is MOST likely to show yellow discolouration first on clinical inspection?. Footpads only. Hair coat on the dorsum. Nasal planum exclusively. Sclera and oral mucous membranes.

In a healthy dog, how should the urinary bladder feel upon gentle abdominal palpation?. Irregular, firm, and nodular. Easily expressed and painful when touched. Hard and immobile within the cranial abdomen. Smooth, turgid but not painful, and oval to pear-shaped in the caudal abdomen.

Which external inspection finding may raise suspicion of chronic liver disease?. Acute interdigital foreign body. Hyperkeratosis of the nasal planum after sun exposure only. Bilaterally symmetrical otitis externa. Poor hair coat and weight loss with muscle wasting.

Marked icterus in a cat can arise from which major pathophysiologic categories?. Hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, or diabetes insipidus. Prehepatic haemolysis, hepatic dysfunction, or post-hepatic (obstructive) cholestasis. Renal azotaemia, dehydration, or hypoglycaemia. Primary cardiac disease, hypotension, or anaesthesia.

Which combination BEST supports anal sac disease during a perianal examination?. Projectile vomiting and tympany. Scooting, licking the perineum, pain on anal sac palpation, and thickened secretion. Melena and weight loss with no perianal signs. Polyuria–polydipsia and alopecia.

Which biochemical pattern MOST suggests decreased liver function rather than hepatocellular injury?. Increased ALT and AST with normal albumin and glucose. High ALP and GGT with normal bilirubin and coagulation. Hypoalbuminaemia, low urea, low cholesterol, and prolonged PT. Hyperproteinaemia, high cholesterol, and normal ammonia.

Pain elicited on deep palpation just caudal to the xiphoid and slightly to the right MOST suggests involvement of: Pancreas (especially right lobe region). Left kidney. Descending colon. Urinary bladder.

Regarding semiology (not lab testing), which pattern is MORE compatible with pancreatic involvement?. Vomiting associated with cranial abdominal guarding and restlessness after meals. Effortless regurgitation of undigested food hours after eating. Chronic cough with occasional gagging after exercise. Single, isolated vomiting episode after long car travel only.

Which sequence is MOST appropriate for a systematic small-animal abdominal examination in propedeutics?. Inspection → Palpation → Auscultation → Percussion. Inspection → Auscultation → Palpation → Percussion. Auscultation → Percussion → Inspection → Palpation. Palpation → Inspection → Auscultation → Percussion.

Which pattern best describes early clinical presentation of hepatobiliary disease in small animals?. Exclusive gastrointestinal signs with no systemic involvement. Insidious onset with nonspecific signs (lethargy, inappetence, weight loss); specific signs appear later. Early marked polycythemia is typical. Abrupt onset of severe icterus and encephalopathy in most cases.

Hepatic lipidosis is a common primary or secondary liver disorder particularly in which species?. Cats, especially obese individuals after a period of anorexia. Horses after high-fat diets. Ferrets and rabbits. Dogs, particularly large-breed working dogs.

Which statement about kidney palpation in small animals is CORRECT?. Only the right kidney is usually palpable in dogs. Neither kidney should ever be palpable in cats. Both kidneys are commonly palpable in cats, whereas only the left kidney is often palpable in dogs. Both kidneys are easily palpable in most healthy dogs.

Which observation during a careful abdominal lift supports cranial abdominal pain of pancreatic origin?. Guarding and vocalisation when the cranial abdomen is gently elevated. Comfort and relaxation when lifting the cranial abdomen. Pain localised only to the caudal abdomen. No change in demeanour and relaxed palpation.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis is commonly associated with which underlying condition?. Toxoplasma gondii infection. Hypothyroidism. Hyperadrenocorticism. Feline calicivirus infection.

Why is rectal temperature important during the digestive examination?. Because fever may indicate infectious enteritis or inflammatory hepatobiliary disease. Because temperature differentiates diarrhoea from vomiting. Because hypothermia confirms dehydration. Because low temperature confirms pancreatitis.

Which technique is most appropriate to confirm the presence and character of ascitic fluid?. Abdominocentesis followed by cytological and biochemical analysis. Abdominal ballottement only. Abdominal auscultation to detect fluid movement. Palpation of the caudal abdomen for fluctuance.

Which is a common cause of microhepatica on abdominal imaging?. Acute pancreatitis. Severe hepatic lipidosis. Hepatomegaly due to vacuolar hepatopathy. Congenital or acquired portosystemic shunt.

Tenesmus during defecation MOST strongly indicates involvement of which GI segment?. Stomach. Proximal small intestine. Distal large bowel/rectum. Duodenum only.

Which radiographic feature is MOST characteristic of small-intestinal obstruction?. Collapsed gasless intestines with no fluid levels. Marked gastric dilation with normal intestines. Two populations of intestinal loops: some gas-filled and dilated, others empty. Uniform dilation of all intestinal loops.

Low serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) is MOST commonly associated with which conditions?. Acute otitis externa. Distal small-intestinal disease and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Gastric dilation–volvulus and primary colitis. Purely prehepatic haemolysis.