prope primer parcial digestivo pequeño pt2

Marked halitosis in a dog MOST commonly suggests which clinical scenario during oral examination?. Periodontal disease or oral infection/inflammation. Physiological post-exercise panting. Renal azotaemia exclusively. Physiological variation with no clinical significance.

Which finding suggests a systemic rather than primary gastrointestinal cause of vomiting?. Abdominal distension and tympany. Pain on abdominal palpation. Concurrent polyuria and polydipsia. Fresh blood in vomitus.

Which posture is MOST characteristic of abdominal pain in dogs?. Prayer position (forelimbs extended, hindquarters raised). Sitting upright like a begging position. Head pressed against a wall. Neck extension with open-mouth breathing.

Which finding set is MOST compatible with hepatic encephalopathy in a young small-breed dog?. Hyperkalemia, bradycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias. Exercise-induced collapse, polycythemia, and hypercalcaemia. Continuous pruritus with elevated eosinophils. Intermittent obtundation after meals, ptyalism, microhepatica, and low BUN.

Which set of clinical signs is MOST consistent with feline pancreatitis, considering species differences?. Profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea and tenesmus are the most typical presenting signs. Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss; vomiting and abdominal pain are less common than in dogs. Polyuria–polydipsia and cataracts are the most typical presenting signs in cats. Acute severe abdominal pain and frequent vomiting are hallmark signs in cats.

Which bile acids pattern supports the presence of a portosystemic shunt?. Decreased preprandial bile acids and normal postprandial values. Postprandial bile acids lower than fasting values. Normal fasting and mildly increased postprandial bile acids. Markedly increased pre- and postprandial bile acid concentrations.

Which behavioural sign is MOST suggestive of cranial abdominal pain of pancreatic origin?. Relief when pressure is applied to the caudal abdomen. Coughing on tracheal palpation. Reluctance to lie on the abdomen and frequent stretching into the prayer position. Head tilt and circling.

Which condition is MOST consistent with prehepatic jaundice?. Chronic hepatitis. Congestive heart failure. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction.

On physical examination, which statement about the normal canine liver is CORRECT?. It normally protrudes 2–3 cm beyond the costal arch on inspiration. It is typically not palpable and should not extend beyond the costal margin. It is best assessed by ballottement rather than palpation. It is easily palpable in most healthy dogs.

Which tests are MOST appropriate to screen for coagulopathy in suspected advanced hepatic dysfunction?. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate. Serum amylase and lipase. Urinalysis protein:creatinine ratio. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).

To minimize splenic puncture during abdominocentesis in dogs and cats, which site is MOST often recommended?. Right cranial or right mid-abdominal quadrant, slightly off midline. Directly over the xiphoid on the midline. Left cranial quadrant near the spleen. Left caudal quadrant at the level of the bladder.

Which combination BEST describes clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs?. Vomiting, fever, and painful abdomen. Anorexia, icterus, and melena. Polyuria, polydipsia, and cataracts. Polyphagia, weight loss, and voluminous pale faeces.

Which palpation feature MOST helps distinguish a discrete abdominal mass from a gas-distended viscus?. A mass tends to have defined borders and limited compressibility; gas-filled viscera feel tympanic and elastic. Gas-filled viscera are always painful; masses are not. Masses shift markedly with body position; viscera do not. Masses are always fluctuant; viscera are always firm.

Which combination is CORRECT regarding abdominal percussion tones and their interpretation?. Both tympany and dullness indicate peritoneal fluid. Dullness indicates pneumoperitoneum. Tympany → gas-filled viscus; Dullness → fluid or solid organ/mass. Tympany → fluid accumulation; Dullness → normal gas pattern.

Tympany → fluid accumulation; Dullness → normal gas pattern. Diffuse pleural effusion and diaphragmatic elevation. Uniformly gas-filled intestines throughout. Microhepatica with caudal displacement of stomach. Focal gas distension of stomach or small intestine with abrupt cutoff.

What remains the definitive (gold standard) antemortem diagnostic method for pancreatitis?. Histopathology of pancreatic tissue (biopsy). SNAP cPL®/fPL® in-clinic test alone. Abdominal ultrasonography performed by a board-certified radiologist. Serum amylase and lipase activity.

Which stance/gait change is MOST consistent with cranial abdominal pain seen in pancreatic conditions?. Marked ataxia with head tilt. Stiff, short-strided gait with kyphotic stance and reluctance to jump. Head bobbing and forelimb lameness only. Hypermetric pelvic limb gait without pain on palpation.

Which statement BEST reflects the semiologic value of the rectal examination in small animals?. It is used primarily to assess kidney size. It is optional and rarely adds information in digestive complaints. It replaces abdominal palpation in most cases. It helps assess distal colon/rectum, anal sacs, and pelvic canal, and may detect melena/haematochezia source.

Which external abdominal contour change is MOST compatible with hepatomegaly in a dog?. Cranial abdominal fullness with reduced cranial thoracic excursion. Uniform abdominal enlargement with palpable subcutaneous fat. Localised left-flank bulge with tympany. Caudal 'pear-shaped' ventral distension more evident in standing.

Which combination of laboratory findings is MOST compatible with acute pancreatitis in dogs?. Leukopenia, hypocalcaemia, and low ALP. Anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, and high CK. Thrombocytopenia and hypoglycaemia only. Leukocytosis, increased amylase/lipase or cPL, and elevated ALT.

During abdominal auscultation, which finding BEST indicates hypomotility?. Short bursts of loud, frequent sounds. Rare or absent borborygmi over several minutes. Intermittent gurgling after feeding. Frequent, high-pitched 'tinkling' sounds.

Which combination MOST supports extrahepatic (post-hepatic) cholestasis in a dog?. Normal ALP/GGT with severe icterus and no duct dilation. Elevated ALP/GGT, hyperbilirubinemia, and dilated bile ducts on ultrasound. Low urea, hypoalbuminaemia, and normal ultrasound. Marked ALT increase with normal bilirubin and normal bile ducts.

Which finding or suspicion BEST justifies performing a rectal examination in small animals?. Exercise intolerance and syncope. Tenesmus, dyschezia, hematochezia, or suspicion of anal sac disease. Polyuria–polydipsia and weight gain. Otitis externa with head shaking.

Which palpation feature helps differentiate a splenic enlargement from an irregular abdominal mass?. Splenic enlargement is always nodular and irregular. A splenic structure is never palpable in dogs. Splenomegaly tends to be smooth and elongated with a consistent edge. Masses are always fluctuant whereas spleen is always firm.

Which inspection clue helps distinguish ascites from obesity?. Ventral fluid line with shifting dullness on percussion in lateral recumbency. Generalised weight gain with palpable subcutaneous fat. Uniform, symmetrical abdominal enlargement without fluid wave. Normal percussion tones with stable contour in all positions.

Which sequence BEST describes the typical prodrome of vomiting observed during examination?. Immediate bile-stained expulsion without any prodromal signs. Nausea with hypersalivation and licking, followed by retching and active abdominal contractions. Silent passive expulsion of undigested food without effort. Projectile expulsion of faecal material without retching.

Which faecal characteristic MOST supports large-bowel disease?. Mucus and fresh blood with increased frequency and small volume. Pale, voluminous stools with steatorrhoea. Melena with weight loss and large volume. Black tarry stools after activated charcoal.

Which handling manoeuvre may accentuate discomfort associated with hepatobiliary pain?. Digital pressure on the lumbosacral space. Gentle cranial abdominal lift just caudal to the costal arch on the right side. Percussion over the pelvic inlet. Deep palpation of the left caudal abdomen only.

Which feature BEST distinguishes vomiting from regurgitation in small animals?. Vomiting is active with nausea and abdominal contractions; regurgitation is passive without effort. Vomiting has alkaline pH whereas regurgitation is always acidic. Vomiting always contains bile, whereas regurgitation never does. Vomiting occurs only after eating; regurgitation occurs only on an empty stomach.

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of abdominal distension in small animals?. Pregnancy. Ascites. Intestinal obstruction. Diaphragmatic paralysis.

Which combined findings are MOST compatible with hepatomegaly?. No change in contour and no palpable edge. Cranial abdominal fullness, palpable smooth liver edge, and relative cranial dullness on percussion. Generalised tympany and fluid wave. Caudal abdominal tympany with non-palpable cranial structures.

During palpation, tense abdominal wall with resistance and flinching MOST likely indicates: Normal relaxation during palpation. Abdominal pain with guarding. Severe dehydration only. Physiological response to cold room temperature.

Which statement about gastrointestinal sounds is TRUE?. Auscultation is unnecessary in the digestive examination. Gastrointestinal sounds only occur during defecation. Increased borborygmi indicate hypermotility, whereas absence suggests ileus. Gastrointestinal sounds are always absent in healthy cats.

Which clinical sign is particularly common in cats with portosystemic shunts (PSS)?. Ptyalism (hypersalivation). Bradycardia with syncope. Severe hyperthermia. Hematemesis.

Which finding is MOST consistent with a salivary mucocele (sialocele)?. Firm, warm, painful swelling with purulent discharge. Ulcerated and haemorrhagic oral mass. Fluctuant, non-painful swelling in the intermandibular or cervical region. Diffuse facial oedema with bilateral symmetry.

Which sequence is MOST appropriate during a systematic oral examination in small animals?. Perform oral palpation before inspection. nspect tongue first, then lips and palate. Inspect lips → gingiva → teeth → tongue → hard and soft palate → pharynx. Palpate pharynx before inspecting the oral cavity.

'Feline triaditis' refers to the concurrent inflammation of which structures?. Pancreas, spleen, and kidney. Liver, gallbladder, and urinary bladder. Stomach, colon, and caecum. Pancreas, liver/biliary tract, and small intestine.

Which principle helps differentiate organ enlargement from a true abdominal mass during palpation?. A mass always feels fluctuant, while organomegaly feels firm. Masses can be ballotable; organs cannot. An enlarged organ maintains a typical shape and location, while a mass does not. Masses are always painful; organomegaly never is.

Which description BEST matches pain associated with hepatobiliary palpation?. Diffuse spinal pain unrelated to abdominal pressure. Discomfort on deep palpation of the right cranial abdomen with subtle guarding. Sharp pain on superficial palpation of the left caudal abdomen. Crepitus on palpation of the flank.

Which statement about abdominal ultrasonography in pancreatitis is MOST accurate?. Sensitivity is limited; typical findings include pancreatic hypoechogenicity and hyperechoic surrounding mesentery. Ultrasonography is >95% sensitive in both dogs and cats for pancreatitis. Normal ultrasound rules out pancreatitis with high certainty. Ultrasound cannot detect peritoneal effusion associated with pancreatitis.

In hepatic encephalopathy, where is the main source of ammonia derived from?. Pancreatic enzyme degradation in the duodenum. Anaerobic metabolism in muscle tissue. Bacterial degradation of proteins and urea in the intestinal tract. Renal tubular secretion of amino acids.

When assessing icterus in small animals, which site is MOST reliable for early detection?. Inner ear pinna skin. Nasal planum and paw pads. Tail and perianal skin. Sclera and mucous membranes of the mouth.

What does a tympanic sound on abdominal percussion usually indicate in small animals?. Accumulation of fat within the abdominal wall. Marked hepatomegaly displacing the intestines caudally. Presence of gas within hollow viscera such as the stomach or intestines. Presence of peritoneal effusion.

Which site is MOST reliable for recognising mild icterus during physical examination?. Sclera and oral mucous membranes under natural light. Nasal planum. Footpads. Dorsal pinna hair coat.

Pain on deep palpation of the right cranial abdomen (gallbladder area) MOST likely indicates which issue?. Colonic pain from distal large bowel. Hepatobiliary discomfort (e.g., cholecystic area tenderness). Orthopaedic pain of the right hindlimb. Urinary bladder distension.

In small animals, ALT primarily indicates ______, whereas ALP primarily indicates ______. cholestasis/induction; hepatocellular injury. pancreatic injury; renal injury. muscle damage; cholestasis. hepatocellular injury; cholestasis/induction.

Which finding during oral inspection MOST suggests ulcerative palatitis rather than normal rugae?. Discrete erosions/ulcers with erythematous margins on the hard palate causing pain on palpation. Normal pigmentation spots without ulceration. Symmetrical palatine rugae without erythema. Mild halitosis without visible lesions.