PSFI

The sustainable development goals aim to: natural resources management and protection. poverty eradication. change of production and consumption patters. all the three other answers are correct.

Among the main characteristics that define a "system" it can be said that: it reacts as a whole in response to modification experienced by any of its components. it is not affected by its own outputs. is a sum of elements that work to achieve a common purpose. all the other three answers are correct.

The "intrageneration" dimension of sustainability: manifest the bond between the challenges in both the environment and development scopes. implies that all people living at the same time in the Earth must benefit from an equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. implies that future generation must be able to meet their needs as the present generation is able to meet theirs. refers to the connection among environment and economy.

The agroecological intensification of food productions includes the use of technical measures such as: choosing high yield seeds. improving the efficiency of pesticides. integrated soil and nutrient management. enhance productivity of monoculture.

The concept of high nature value farmland (HNVF) refers to: the production of foods from species that are at risk conservation status. certain types of farming activity associated to urban agriculture that gives value to the urban environment. certain types of farming activity associated to environmental outcomes such as high levels of biodiversity and the presence of environmentally valuable habitats and species. farms that are certified for protected geographical indication.

Low input farming systems (LIFS): try to minimize off-farm inputs and look for the highest efficiency of on-farm resources. are those that do not use chemical fertilizers at all. can always be categorized as "organic". have low farm profitability.

The term "resilience" refers to: to the biotic and abiotic factors in a recipient ecosystem that limit the population growth of an invading species. a high variability among the living organisms of an ecosystems that enables it to perpetuate. the capacity of a ecosystem for returning to the equilibrium state after being affected by a perturbation. the capacity of an ecosystem to maintain species of all kinds (plant, animals, microorganism...).

Long rotation is a way to: increasing farm inputs. reducing off-farm inputs. prevent the use of large and highly contaminant equipment. all the other three answers are correct.

The concept of circular economy applied to the food systems: Is modelled on nature, where waste from one process becomes food for another. Relays on the use of significant amount of inputs. Represents the old paradigm of production systems, that should be changed towards a more lineal model. Is proven no viable from a global perspective.

Mark the sentence that is truth: Current global food production is not enough to feed the world population due to low productivity of agriculture in some regions of the world. Current global food production is not enough to feed the world population due to the food habits. Current global food production is not enough to feed the world population and there are enough calories produced per capita and hunger and malnutrition result from unequal access to land, to sufficient and nutritious food, and to other productive resources. Current global food production is not enough to feed the world population due to the environmental degradation caused by human activities.

Mitigation can be defined as the technological change and substitution that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output, then: replacing fossil fuel use is a key mitigation technology for industries but not for agriculture. replacing forest by crops can be considered one of the key mitigation technologies for food production. decreasing N2O emissions can be considered one of the key mitigation technologies for natural ecosystems. increasing soil carbon storage can be considered one of the key mitigation technologies for food production.

When estimating the contribution to global warming of GHGs emissions form agriculture: carbon dioxide is the most worrying gas to consider due to its high warming potential. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are found at low concentrations but are the most worrying gases to consider due to its high contaminant power. methane is the most worrying gas to consider due to its high warming potential. nitrous oxide is the most worrying gas to consider due to its high concentration.

Adaptation of cropping systems that potentially can help to deal with projected climatic and atmospheric changes include: maintaining the timing or location of cropping activities. managing water to prevent water logging, erosion, and nutrient leaching where rainfall increases. improving the effectiveness of pest, disease, and weed management practices through wider use of pesticides. all the other three answers are correct.

Maintaining genetic diversity is important because: damage into the life support system for agriculture (microorganisms, insects, etc) results in lower agricultural production. all the three other answers are correct. has the potential to provide traits that can help to adapt to future conditions. the loss of wild genetic resources can threaten agroecosystems diversity.

Water management is one of the major challenges in order to decrease environmental impacts of agriculture and food production. In relation to it: by 2050 agricultural water withdrawals will need to decrease 10% over current levels. efficiency of use needs to increase in irrigated zones as they provide more than half of the food in the world. it is necessary a change in food production systems from irrigated to rain-fed zones in order to support the projected increase in food production by 2050. efficiency of use needs to increase in both irrigated and rain-fed zones.

What of the following issues related to water use could be effective in order to achieve a more sustainable food production?. implementation of localized irrigation systems. improving the knowledge of the crops' water requirements and of the soil water characteristics. implementation of conservation agriculture. all the other three answers are correct.

The proportion of the population facing stressed water supplies is expected: to decrease by 2050 due to the technological advances. to decrease by 2050 due to the slowdown of growth population. to decrease by 2050 although the number of people living in severe wate stress conditions will increase. to increase by 2050 along with the increase the number of people living in severe wate stress conditions.

The main agricultural source(s) of nitrous oxide (N2O): is the burning of crop residues. are chemical fertilizers and manure. are rice production and livestock. is the denitrification occurred in soils dedicated to rice production.

Food system resilience is defined as: the capacity of a food system to function on its own resources and processes. the capacity over time of a food system and its units at multiple levels, to provide sufficient, appropriate and accessible food to all, in the face of various and even unforeseen disturbances. the ability of a food system to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. the ability of a food system to maintain productivity when structural changes occur.

Biodiversity management tools that can improve sustainability of food systems cover: selecting species tolerant to abiotic stresses. protecting endangered species. establishing protected areas. all the other three answers are correct.

Implementation of sustainability in agricultural policies: always needs to have multidimensional and multi-functional perspectives. is independent of the role of the organization undertaking the assessment as the goals of sustainability are universal. is influenced by the scale of application. always should focus on food security as the main objective.

According to some authors, appropriate indicators for assessing agricultural sustainability should be: suitable just for farm scale. sensitive to variations in management and climate. accepted by many users but accessible just to the team that is undertaking the study. useful to inform about the quality of the products.

An indicator for sustainability can be seen as: a variable that quantifies and simplifies phenomena that in real life are complex by translating them into useful information for the decision-making/management process of sustainability. an operational representation of an attribute (quality, characteristic, property) of a system. a variable, or an aggregation/function of a number of variables, related to a reference value that gives meaning to the values the variables take. all the other three answer are correct.

The Carbon Footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product: and it is considered a composite indicators because it integrate a specific set of indicators into a single value. it is calculated by adding the CO2 amount resulting from every stage of a product or service’s lifetime: material production, manufacturing, use phase, and end-of-life disposal. it is measured as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), which is the result of the addition of the kilograms of carbon dioxide resulting from every stage of a product emitted to the atmosphere. it is highly influenced by CFC and HCFC due to the fac that are the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere.

The water footprint: is called "blue" when referring to water from precipitation that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evaporated, transpired or incorporated by plants. is called "grey" when referring to the amount of fresh water required to assimilate pollutants to meet specific water quality standards. it can only be measured for horticultural and forestry products. can provide a comprehensive picture of water use but cannot distinguish the source of the water consumed.

In EIA-driven integrated assessment: environmental, social and economic aspects are integrated and the assessment is related to the performance of the processes in a holistic view. what is evaluated is the level of implementation of the measures proposed. driving question is: have the objectives been reached?. the main focus is to identify environmental, social and economic impacts of a project or proposal, comparing with the impacts in “basal conditions”.

The SAFA framework for sustainability assessment: gives a general diagnostic that it in useful for identifying points of improvement. includes more that one hundred themes for evaluacion. gives a diagnostic that can be used for self-assessment or to compare different systems. does not rely in a hierarchical structure.

When dealing with indices, one important aspect that need to be addressed is: the values of the weights to apply to each variable is determined by the sustainability assessment methodology which is going to be applied. how the variables are combined in a weighted average to give the resulting value of the composite indicator. that the variables that take part of the indece should be weighted by arithmetic mean calculation. that the variables that take part of the indece should be weighted by geometric mean calculation.

Among the most used approaches in sustainability studies are approaches that: apply a framework. use indicators checklists. use composite indicators. all the other answers are correct.