QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

1.- Does self-reflexivity refer to the different forms and analysis of researchers' past experiences, points of view and roles, that is, examining their interactions and interpretations with their own environments in relation to the research?. True (X). Fake ( ).

2.-Which of the following statements best describes the qualitative research approach?. a) Analyze quantitative data to draw conclusions. b) Immersing oneself in a scene and trying to make sense. c) Perform controlled experiments in laboratory environments. d) Limit yourself to studying events such as company meetings or community festivals. e) Collect information without delving into its interpretation.

3. Fill in the blank spaces. The ………………………………… is directly related to the context, it happens when …………………………………. immerse themselves in a culture and investigate circumstances, with the aim of ………………………………………………. from small studies. a) old information – students – get great results. b) narrow planning – masters – achieve objectives. c) broad description – researchers – get big conclusions. d) great evolution – parents – obtain the same conclusions. e) small description – family members – achieve new goals.

4. Which of the following statements best describes the “phonetic” or praxis-based research approach?. a) It is a quantitative method that uses surveys and statistics to collect data. b) It involves conducting experiments in a laboratory to test hypotheses. c) It focuses on the practical application of research to address real-world problems. d) Requires the use of specialized software to analyze qualitative data. e) Develop complex statistical models.

5. Fill in the blanks. A ..................... approach assumes that perception comes from a specific (self-reflexive) subject position and that the social and historical roots of an issue precede individual .................... and actions. It also assumes that communication produces .................... for the .................... as well as for those researched, and that it generates knowledge that benefits some more than others. a) Phronetic – motivations – identity – researchers. b) Cognitive – motivations – identity - research. c) Visual – motivations – specific - researched. d) Kinesthetic – communication – identity - researched. e) Phronetic – motivation – knowledge - research.

6. Which of the following is not a strength of qualitative research according to the text provided?. a) Facilitates the realization of excellent ethnographies by young researchers. b) Allows for exploring contexts of personal interest without the need for external justifications. c) Provides detailed information about cultural activities that might be overlooked in other research methods. d) Qualitative research allows young researchers to escape limited environments and enter the field. e) All of the above.

7. According to the text, it mentions that qualitative research has several strengths that make it valuable, and that it provides knowledge focused on humanity. Next, he identifies which of these are strengths of qualitative research?. a) Suitable for accessing tactical information. b) More structured methods. c) Provides understanding of a supported process. d) It focuses on the lived experience situated in its contexts. e) All the above.

8.-Fill in the blanks The annual Congress for Qualitative Inquiry held at the University of Illinois regularly boasts representation from over 40 disciplines and 55 nations. This involvement serves as _________________ and_________________ of qualitative methods. a) testament to the global reach/ cross-disciplinary popularity. b) viewpoints /stories. c) iterative approach/ variety. d) Training /practice. e) None of above.

9.. According to the text. ‘‘Understanding the Self’’, What is Autoethnography?. a) Autoethnography is autobiographical writing that makes connection with one's own identity and values. b) Autoethnography is a genre of autobiographical writing that connects the analysis of one's identity, culture, feelings, and values with broader social issues. c) Autoethnography is itself relational, in the sense that data is collected through interactions. d) Provide important information about interpersonal relationships through interviews and participant observation. e) None of the above.

10. Acording to the understanding relationships What types of relationships can be examined through qualitative research. a) Only work and business relationships, doctor-patient relationships. b) Only parent-child relationships, Romantic partnerships. c) Romantic partnerships, friendships, customer service encounters, superior-subordinate relationships, and doctor-patient relationships. d) Relationships between neighbors and coworkers, relations between countries and cities.

11. Based on the topic Understanding groups and organizations. What do qualitative studies provide?. a) Qualitative studies provide information about the numbers. b) Qualitative studies provide an insider's view of the organization, through exam meetings, power lunches, quiet chats and after-hours parties. c) Qualitative studies provide the sound and morphologies of the study. d) Qualitative studies provide context based on some study or topic. e) All the above.

12.- What aspects of society can be transformed through qualitative studies according to the understanding of cultures. a) Qualitative studies have no impact on society. b) Aspects such as ethnicity, race, gender and sexual orientation can be transformed through qualitative studies. c) Qualitative studies only focus on economic aspects. d) Qualitative studies are only relevant to scientific questions. e) Qualitative research is useful for Selvin mathematical problems.

13. What method is suggested as the best way to gather data from students regarding their communication tactics?. a) Conducting face-to-face interviews. b) Sending postal surveys. c) Observing classroom interactions. d) Analyzing historical documents. e) Using text-messaging.

Choose the correct option 1. When determining a research site, it is important to remember that “ the phenomenon under study is not the same as the field of study”. a. True. b. False.

2. Choose the option that describes the iterative approach. a. Starts with a specific research question and selects a site based only on it. b. Involves only considering existing theories without exploring emergent qualitative data. c. Involves considering both existing theories and emergent qualitative data. d. Focuses entirely on quantitative data without incorporating qualitative perspectives.

3. Complete the paragraph with the correct answer : Research project also needs to be ...... , in that it should ....... most, if not all of the theoretical issues and characteristics of interest in terms of the …...... topic or problem. a. feasible/practical/importantly. b. yield/practical/research. c. suitable/encompass/research. d. compatibility/project/research.

4. Which of the following options describes one of the suggested sources for generating qualitative research ideas?. A) Personal experiences and everyday life occurrences. B) Academic research articles. C) Popular myths and legends. D) Fictional television programs.

5.What do we mean by the term scene when we are studying a phenomenon?. a. Field. b. Sites. c. Settings. d. Groups of participants. e. All of the above.

6. Choose the correct answer: Research questions are the core feature when beginning a qualitative research project. Qualitative researchers begins with the basic question: a. What is the situation?. b. What is the explanation of the situation?. c. What's going on here?. d. Who or what started this.

7. Before diving into a research project, what are the considerations that researchers should take into account?. a. Ease, flexibility and viability. b. Accessibility, yield and range. c. Compatibility, suitability, yield and feasibility. d. Background, compatibility, and risks.

8. How do researchers use the iterative approach to determine potential research sites?. a) By randomly selecting sites without any prior planning. b) By considering existing theories and research interests. c) By studying a specific phenomenon defined in advance. d) By focusing solely on emergent qualitative data.

9. According to the text, what is emphasized when determining a potential research site?. a) The need to only focus on existing theories and ignore emergent qualitative data. b) Randomly selecting a site without any prior planning. c) The distinction between the phenomenon under study and the field of study. d) Making the decision solely based on personal preferences.

10) Complete the paragraph with the appropriate set of words: Researchers must additionally ask whether a certain project is feasible or ……….. Finding a site that is perfectly suited to your ………….. and to your research problem is unlikely if access to the site – or to the key informants – is impossible within the research ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. a) Practical, identity, timeframe. b) Pragmatic, solution, feasible. c) Unlikely, group, time. d) Useful, parameter, process. e) None of the above.

11) Using the words below fill in the gap to complete the meaning of the sentence The term _____________ is used to refer generally to the field, sites, settings, and groups of participants. a. stage. b. scenery. c. stationary. d. scene. e. suitable.

12.- Which of the following sources is suggested as a potential avenue for generating research ideas?. a) Personal experiences and encounters. b) Reviewing scholarly research texts. c) Ignoring current events and societal trends. d) Avoiding societal problems or organizational dilemmas. e) Disregarding field contexts and participant input.

1. What is positivist and post-positivist paradigm?. a) It is a multiple type of paradigm and sources of data, diverse methods of collection ad theorical frames. b) It is a realist or functional paradigm that assume that a single true reality exists out there waiting to be discovered. c) They are different disciplines that use terms and categorizations schemes. d) It is a constructivist and constructionist reality of knowledge reproduced through communication.

2. According to the interpretive paradigm, how is knowledge constructed?. a) Through objective observation. b) Through interaction and practice. c) Through controlled experiments. d) Based on objective reality.

3. What is an essential aspect highlighted in the text about hermeneutical methodology?. a) The exclusion of the cultural and historical context for an objective analysis. b) The application of a quantitative approach to textual analysis. c) The empathic consideration of the context, experiences and motivations of the author. d) The literal interpretation of religious texts without taking into account their historical context.

4. Choose the correct answer from one of the paragraphs in the Critical Paradigm topic. a) The difference with positivism lies in the fact that in post-positivism reality exists but cannot be completely apprehended. b) Critical Researchers view cultural life as a constant tension between control and resistance , and they frame languaje as a type of power. c) The real is understood from the exact laws, however, this can only be understood incompletely. d) One of the reasons for not being able to achieve full understanding and absolute reality is based on imperfection of the intellectual and perceptive mechanisms of the being human.

5. What is critical research based on?. a) It is based on many different intellectual traditions including anthropology, folklore and sociolinguistics. b) Critical research is based on the observation of empirical phenomena and constitutes tangible and material knowledge. c) In the political complexity of the scene and the face value of critical scholarship. d) In the fundamental figure of the development of interpretivism. e) It is based on the idea that thought is fundamentally mediated by power relations and that data cannot be separated from ideology.

6. How do postmodern/poststructuralist scholars perceive knowledge and power relations?. a) They view knowledge and power as stable and unified entities, easily controllable through research. b) They believe in grand theories and master narratives that explain phenomena comprehensively. c) They see reality and knowledge as fragmented, multiple, and situated, resisting totalizing truths. d) They advocate for reliance solely on macro-level gestures and revolts for societal transformation. e) They argue that knowledge and education should only be accessible to dominant and wealthy individuals, ignoring the perspectives of subordinate members.

7. How does the crisis of postmodern representation affect today's world?. a) In a postmodern world, meanings are rhizonamatic, that is, they are constantly changing, therefore, the meanings of meaning depend on their relationship with other signs or symbols. b) They argue that knowledge and education should only be accessible to dominant and wealthy individuals, ignoring the perspectives of subordinate members. c) Critical scholars derive meaning only from situated data. d) Reducing the ability to understand participants and data.

8. Which of the following terms is associated with the postmodern/poststructural paradigm?. a)Pastiche. b)Allegory. c)Realism. d)Classicism.

9. ¿Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of simulacrum? Jhony Guarnizo. a) A historical museum accurately recreating a famous battle scene. b) A documentary film depicting real-life events from World War II. c) Disneyland's "Main Street" replicating a fictionalized version of a typical town center. d) A photograph capturing a sunset over a natural landscape.

10. What criticism do some interpretive ethnographers make of critical scholars?. a) Critical scholars derive meaning only from situated data. b) Critical scholars are naïve in questioning the nominal meaning of participants' words. c) Critical scholars tend to ignore the political complexity of the scene. d) Critical scholars presuppose the importance of power and ideology. e) Critical scholars consider interpretive work to be elitist.

11. Which of the following represents a benefit of moving between different paradigms in research?. a) Limiting the set of tools and techniques available. b) Reducing the ability to understand participants and data. c) Increasing rigidity and inflexibility in the research approach. d) Expanding understanding and maintaining an ingrained sense of humility and openness. e) Increasing the exclusion of dialogue with diverse perspectives and people.

12. What are paradigms?. a) Paradigms are preferred ways of understanding reality, constructing knowledge, and gathering information about the world. b) The information contained. c) A language that will help situate beliefs and their focus. d) All of the above.

What is suggested about formulating research questions before entering the field?. a) They should be extremely specific. b) They are not necessary for an effective investigation. c) They can help you orient yourself in an unknown context. d) They must be determined before collecting data. e) They should exactly replicate the territory of the study scenario.

Which of the following concepts is central in the text about structuration theory?. A. The interconnection between individual actions and social structures. B. The influence of literature on the formation of organizational structures. C. The impact of biology on social institutions. D. The relationship between history and governance systems. E. The application of mathematics in social theory.

Critical Research is founded on the premise that thinking is essentially mediated by power relationships and that data cannot be separated from... A) Questions. B) Critical postmodernists. C) Ideology. D) Research project. E) Critical ethnographers.

What fundamental aspect of human interaction does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?. a) Nonverbal communication only. b) The literal meaning of words. c) The symbolic meaning of words and gestures. d) How animals communicate with each other. e) The cultural differences in interpreting body language.

According to the interpretive paradigm, what determines whether a tree falling in the woods makes a sound?. a) The physical laws of nature. b) The presence of a listener. c) The intensity of the falling tree. d) The geographical location of the forest. e) The time of day.

Who developed the SPEAKING mnemonic device and what is its usefulness?. a) Developed by Dell Hymes in 1986, this mnemonic device is useful in examining local language in use, is both a theoretical perspective and a method in studying the cultural patterns of communication. b) Developed by Dell Hymes in 1962, this mnemonic device serves as a helpful way to organize and explore different aspects of data about communication and culture. c) Developed by Dell Philipsen in 1975, this mnemonic device is useful in organizing and exploring different aspects of communication and cultural data. d) Developed by Tom Hymes in 1962, this mnemonic device examines the patterned rules, codes, and expectations for culturally distinctive speech communities. e) Developed by Dell Hymes in 1991, this mnemonic device serves as a useful way to organize and explore different aspects of data about communication and culture.

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the symbolic dimensions of human communication, and it suggests that participant's reactions to situations are mediated trough symbols and signs, what kind of symbols do humans use?. A) Natural symptoms or indicators of an immediate (here and now) stimulus in environment. B) Words, numbers, gestures, natural symptoms and indicators. C) Words, numbers, gestures that “stand for” something else. D) Natural symptoms, signs, numbers and gestures. E) None of the above.

Key terms emerging from the postmodern/poststructural paradigm: 1. Pastiche, hyperreality, simulacrum, deconstructionism. 2. Incommensurability, feminism. 3. Sensemaking, duality of structure. 4. Ontology, epistemology, axiology.

Which of the following statements best describes Geertz's interpretive approach?. a) Geertz proposes rigid theories that must be proven true or false. b) Geertz suggests that researchers should focus solely on collecting quantitative data. c) Geertz advocates for superficial descriptions of cultural phenomena. d) Geertz views researchers as cultural interpreters who provide vivid descriptions and analyze participants' interpretations. e) Geertz argues that researchers should avoid theories and focus solely on direct observation of behaviors.

The ethnography of communication (EOC), formerly known as ethnography of Speaking (1962). 1. Dell Hymes. 2. Denzin. 3. Michael Huberman. 4. Geertz.

Answer True or False 1. The methodology refers to the types of tools which are used to collect data, while the investigative methods are the most used designs because they are the most complete to carry out an investigation. FALSE ( X ). TRUE.

2. What is sought by repeating experiments in the scientific method?. Discredit the initial investigation. Ignore inconsistent results. Avoid new research. Write conclusions without evidence. Confirm the hypothesis.

3. Fill in the blanks Quantitative research may take…………………………….., including true experiments, quasi-experiments, and ……………………………….. however emphasizes texts over numbers, It can refer to research about …………………………………. a) a lot information – qualitative research – numbers. b) some examples – quantitative research – objectives. c) a range of forms – qualitative research – persons. d) great evolution – mix methods research – actions. e) some descriptions – qualitative research – persons.

4. What term refers to the systematic approach employed in research to address questions or problems, with an aim to provide practical solutions or insights?. a) Research Findings. b) Research Designs. c) Data Collection. d) Data Analysis. e) Methodological Techniques.

5. Fill in the blanks. Qualitive ......................... focuses on the thick description of ......................... and often emerges from situated ......................... in the .......................... One of the best ways to understand qualitative research is becoming aware of how it differs from other ......................... of research. a) research – context – problems – field – types. b) research – context – solution – field – study. c) search – data – problems – field – types. d) research – information – problems – field – types. e) search – data – solution – field – groups.

6. Which of the following best describes the inductive and emic approach in qualitative research?. ) Beginning with a broad theory and testing hypotheses based on it. Making sense of behavior through predetermined models or explanations. Observing specific interactions, conceptualizing general patterns, and drawing conclusions that build theory. d) Analyzing data using external criteria already derived from a given culture. e) Utilizing quantitative methods to quantify qualitative data and draw statistical conclusions.

7. Based on the text action and structure it tells us that the researcher examines local actions, informal guidelines and formal rules, what he wants to refer to when using the term action and the term structure: a) The term action and structure refer to the way of limiting these actions. b) These terms refer to a standard of qualitative research. c) The term action refers to conversations, texts and contextual interactions, in terms of structure it refers to lasting knowledge and social norms. d) It refers to an unwritten rule and variety of terms. e) All of the above.

8. Which one is correct? About what???. a) In quantitative research. The researcher is the instrument while in Qualitative the researcher control the instrument. b) Both, Quantitative and Qualitative transform data into numbers. c) Qualitative research emphasizes generalizability and replicability, while quantitative research prioritizes rich, detailed descriptions. d) Qualitative research is concerned with exploring subjective experiences and meanings, while quantitative research focuses on objective measurement and numerical data. e) Qualitative research employs numerical data and statistical analysis, while quantitative research relies on narrative data and open-ended questions.

9. Select the correct answer: What are the key characteristics that mark many of the theories and approaches used in qualitative research processes?. a) Gestalt, Bricolage, The funnel metaphor, Sensitizing concepts. b) Gestalt, Bricolage, Inductive/emic, Deductive/etic approaches. c) Ethnography, Gestalt, Bricolage, Sensitizing concepts. d) Gestalt, Grounded theory, Autoethnography, Sensitizing concepts. e) None of the above.

10. What concept does the term "gestalt" primarily encompass in qualitative research?. a) The isolation of individual cultural elements. b) The philosophical underpinnings of cultural analysis. c) The holistic integration of various cultural components. d) The exclusion of participant observation in research methodologies. e) The exclusive use of statistical analysis in cultural studies.

11. How are qualitative researchers like and for what purpose do they use the concept of bricolage?. a) Qualitative researchers are creative, interesting and make the most of the information available. Additionally, they use the concept of bricolage to create an interesting whole. b) Qualitative researchers are flexible, creative, and make the most of the information available. Additionally, they use the concept of bricolage to create an interesting whole. c) Qualitative researchers are intelligent, optimistic, and make the most of the information available. Additionally, they use the concept of bricolage to create an interesting whole. Qualitative researchers are flexible, naive, and make the most of the information available. Additionally, they use the concept of bricolage to create an interesting whole. e) All the above.

12. Based on the theme. The funnel metaphor. What role did ethnographers take on?. a) Ethnographers take on the role of "learners", listening and watching. b) Ethnographers assume the role of teachers. c) Ethnographers assume the role of creators of the research topic. d) Ethnographers assume the role of research leaders. e) Ethnographers assume the role of expositors.

13. Why is it important for qualitative researchers to remain open to reviewing and modifying their sensitizing concepts during the study?. a) Because otherwise the focus of the study would be lost. b) Because it limits the creativity of the researcher. c) Because it allows the interpretation to be adjusted based on new evidence. d) Because they demonstrate cognitive flexibility. e) Because the sensitizing concepts are not relevant to the study.

1. What is the first step in the Research Process. a. Collecting Data. b. Interpreting Research Data. c. Report Research Findings. d. Locating and Defining Issues or Problems. e. Designing the Research Project.

2. What is a distinguishing characteristic of naturalistic inquiry?. a) The researcher imposes predetermined theories on the participants. b) The researcher manipulates the setting to fit predetermined hypotheses. c) The researcher examines participants as they regularly act in uncontrived field settings. d) The researcher conducts experiments primarily in focus-group rooms. e) The researcher imposes laboratory experiments in all cases.

3.What is one of the main aspects of naturalistic inquiry according to Lincoln and Guba in 1985?. a) Naturalistic research is conducted solely in laboratories. b) Researchers impose predetermined theories in the research. c) Participants are examined in a controlled environment. d) The presence of the researcher does not influence the study environment. e) None of the above.

4. Which ancient Greek words make up the term "ethnography"?. a) Ethos and Graphein. b) Ethos and tribe. c) Graphein and people. d) Ethno and grapheme.

5. How many steps are included in the qualitative research process?. a. Three Steps. b. Eight Steps. c. Five Steps. d. Six steps.

6. The autoethnography refers to …. a. the focus on interpreting and examining the research data and coming up with a conclusion that solves the problem. b. the systematic study analysis, and, narrative description of ones own experience, interaction, culture, and identity. c. a number of organized steps that provide knowledge that will be valued by the project. d. taking into account the purpose of the study. e. a framework or blueprint for conducting a research project.

7. Many early ethnographic investigations are constituted as a type of?. A. Naturalistic inquiry. B. Narrative inquiry. C. Colonialism. D. Anthropologist.

Fill in the gaps with the right expressions from the options given: 8. Grounded theory, developed by ______________ (1967) and extended by _____________(1990, 1998) and Charmaz (2006), refers to a ____________ analysis of data that is made from the ground up. a. Strauss Corbin/ Glaser Strauss/ systematic inductive. b. Charmaz Corbin/ Strauss Charmaz / pre-existing theories. c. Glaser and Strauss/ Strauss and Corbin/ systematic inductive. d. Conquergood / Strauss / Systematic theories.

9. Complete the following text with the correct answer. A ………. researcher using the concept of ………. make us of various ………. in order to create an ………. whole. a. Professional, investigation, data, correct. b. Qualitative, investigation, investigators, interesting. c. Qualitative, bricolage, data, interesting. d. Quantitative, bricolage, investigators, valid.

10. What types of researchers consider stories, whether collected through field notes, interviews, oral accounts, blogs, letters, or autobiographies, to be fundamental to the human experience?. a) Evaluative researchers. b) Exploratory researchers. c) Narrative researchers. d) Ethnographic researchers. ) None of the above.

11.-What is a key aspect of qualitative research methods?. a) They rely solely on quantitative data. b) They are limited to specific academic disciplines. c) They require long-term immersion in a culture. d) They encompass diverse techniques such as interviews and document analysis. e) They are focused exclusively on statistical analysis.

12. Choose the correct answer : The term quilters used to refer to qualitative researchers is betterly expressed to consider them as if they were. a. knitting quilts to embark on research processes. b. borrowing and interweaving viewpoints and multiple perspectives. c. enduring concepts in order to make research easier to handle. d. sewing the empirical concepts that the research process brings as an outcome.

1. Which of the following statements describes focus groups?. a) Focus groups are primarily used to collect quantitative data. b) The moderator's role in a focus group is limited to note-taking. c) Verbatim transcripts are not considered necessary for focus group discussions. d) Focus groups involve group discussions to explore perceptions and thoughts of a specified group on a particular topic.

2. What is one of the main benefits of using in-depth interviews in pharmaceutical research?. a) Facilitate the collection of quantitative data. b) Allows you to explore perceptions and points of view in depth. c) Requires a mathematical calculation to determine the sample size. d) It is less useful for research among illiterate people.

3. Choose the option that corresponds to the meaning. The interviewee spontaneously recounts his or her activities, knowledge, thoughts and feelings about the relevant topic. a) first level. b) second level. c) third level. d) Fourth level.

How many levels were described by Lauson? In the preparatory stage, which involves literature and emotional preparation. a) 5. b) 4. c) 3. d) 2.

Which of the following skills is essential for interviewers?. A) The ability to invade the privacy of the interviewee through forced eye contact. B) The ability to ask complicated questions with double meanings. C) The ability to direct and control the interview without participating too actively. D) The ability to directly confront interviewees when they show signs of aggression.

According to the text, select the correct answer. The analysis should reflect the purpose of the study, why?. a) To provide detailed information about the customer's experience and problems. b) To obtain greater visibility and deeper knowledge of your processes and services. c) To ensure credibility, the mode of analysis must allow a clear exploration of the dialogue between the interviewer and the interviewee. d)To obtain useful information that can be used to make informed decisions.

6. What criteria does Thomas' concept of data reduction address?. a) Understanding complex data by constructing categories and summarizing themes. b) Identifying emerging beliefs. c) Performing a superficial reading. d) Increasing the amount of data. e) Ignoring the researcher's conclusions.

7. Wat is the first step in content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman?. a) Data coding. b) Data reduction. c) Immersion in the data. d) Aggregation of condensed meaning units.

8. What is the main importance of maintaining rigor?. a) It is the analysis that can be achieved by ongoing discussion of coding between the researcher and a study supervisor or fellow researcher, or by an analyst's evaluation of the process. b) Incorporate statistical analysis tools into the data coding process. c) To obtain useful information that can be used to make informed decisions. d) Requires a mathematical calculation to determine the sample size.

9. Choose the correct answer about data. a) It is necessary to analyze the data systematically and to summarise findings in a succinct manner for the reader. b) It is not necessary to analyze the data systematically and to summarise findings in a succinct manner for the reader. c) It is necessary to analyze the data but not systematically and to summarise findings in a succinct manner for the reader. d) It is not necessary to analyze the data but it's necessary to summarise findings in a succinct manner for the reader.

10. Which stage of the in-depth interview process involves the interviewer writing a report that reflects the interviewee's activities, feelings, understanding, and explanations?. a) First level. b) Second level. c) Third level. d) Fourth level.

11. What is the method described by Graneheim and Lundman to include stricter definitions of the data encoding process?. a) Develop specialized software for content analysis. b) Extend Thomas' method to include stricter definitions of the data encoding process. c) Propose a five-step structure for data analysis. d) Implement coding techniques based on psychological theories. e) Incorporate statistical analysis tools into the data coding process.

12. What is an important skill for interviewers to have in order to conduct an interview effectively?. Constantly interrupting the interviewees. b) Using complicated and double-entendre questions. c) Remaining calm and neutral. d) Showing aggression and confrontation.

1.What are the three core components that should be included in the results? (Stephanie Mosquera). a. The introduction, hypotheses, and the concluding summary. b. The introduction, the body and the concluding summary. c. The introduction, problem statement, research questions and the purpose of research. d. The introduction, development, and conclusions. e. The introduction, analysis, and the concluding summary.

2.What is the function of the discussion chapter in contrast to the results chapter? (Joselyn Nicole Herrera Muenala). A) Present the findings objectively and neutrally. B) Combine qualitative and quantitative results. C) Interpret the data and discuss its meaning. D) Present only quantitative data. E) Summarize the research methodology.

What are the main characteristics of a well-written results chapter?. a) Extensive length and exhaustive details of each finding. b) Technical and specialized language, understandable only to experts in the field. c) Clarity, conciseness, and logical organization of information. Subjective interpretation of the results and discussion of their significance. e) Length, content, organization, and comprehension.

When should the results chapter be written in a thesis or dissertation?. a) At the beginning of the research, to establish the study's direction. b) After completing the literature review, to contextualize the findings. c) Once data analysis is finished, to present the results objectively. d) At the end of the thesis or dissertation, as a final summary of the research. e) It should be presented simultaneously with the theoretical framework.

4. In the introduction, you must craft a brief introduction to the chapter. Which one is the first step?. a. To briefly outline the structure of your results chapter. b. To begin by reiterating your problem statement and research questions and highlight the purpose of your research. c. To explain what’s included in the chapter and what the reader can expect. d. To highlight the purpose of your research. e. In the results chapter, you want to tell a story that is coherent, flows logically, and is easy to follow.

Which is a recommendation for properly structuring the results chapter in qualitative research?. a) Using words like "suggests" or "implies" to highlight interpretations. b) Avoiding the use of quotes and references in the body of the text. c) Organizing the results chapter based on the most relevant data. d) Omitting a final summary to prevent redundancy. e) Using tables and figures with unclear labels to encourage reader interpretation.

Choose the correct answer In the body of your chapter, it’s vital to remember... A) That a results section should be completely objective and descriptive, not interpretive. B) To create sections and subsections. C) To make it easier for readers to follow. D) To summarises your key findings. E) To help you structure your chapter.

Which of the following statements about the structure of the results chapter is CORRECT according to the text?. A) The results chapter consists of four main components: introduction, body, discussion, and conclusion. B) The introduction of the results chapter should include a detailed summary of each section of the chapter. C) In qualitative studies, results chapters are often structured chronologically to reflect the temporal evolution of the studied phenomenon. D) Citations and references to data should be avoided in the body of the results chapter to maintain objectivity. E) The exact structure of the results chapter will depend on the nature of the study, especially the research questions.

Which of the following is the most important tip for writing a quality results chapter?. A) Ensure that each statement is supported by evidence, with at least two examples per statement. B) Use headings and subheadings to create an easy-to-follow text. C) Write the chapter in the past tense, since the work has been done. D) Include tables and figures that can be understood independently of the text.

To which section does the following statement belong: "It is vital to remember that a results section should be completely objective and descriptive, not interpretive. Therefore, be careful not to use words like "suggests" or "implies," as they often accompany some form of interpretation, which is reserved for your discussion chapter.". a) Section 1: Introduction. b) Section 3: Body. c) Section 2: Concluding summary. d) None of the above.