QUANTITATIVE practice

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 Your correlational study examines whether students’ self-reported anxiety levels are related to their English oral exam scores. Subtopic 2 states this method is used to:?. Test cause-effect with random assignment. Manipulate anxiety levels experimentally. Assess whether changes in one variable (anxiety) are related to changes in another (oral scores) through covariance. Only describe frequencies without relationships.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 4 -Question 11 (Subtopic 4)For your survey on English app effectiveness, you calculate that a larger sample improves precision. Subtopic 4 and León & Montero (2003) explain that sample size is important because:?. Larger samples increase representativeness, reduce errors, and improve reliability/precision of results (direct relationship with confidence interval). Sample size is irrelevant if variables are chosen correctly. Smaller samples are always better. It has no relation to confidence interval or accuracy.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 6 (Subtopic 2) You distribute printed questionnaires for students to complete at home and return later about their English reading preferences. This is an example of:?. Self-administered survey (respondent reads and answers independently; wide coverage and low running cost). Face-to-face survey. Landing-page web survey. Qualtrics big-data project.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1)You plan to track how student motivation toward English speaking changes over one academic year (September to June) to observe behavioral evolution. Subtopic 1 recommends:?. No survey – use secondary data only. Longitudinal survey (longer period, high internal validity, identifies development schemes and detects effects of time). Cross-sectional survey (quick snapshot). Only descriptive cross-sectional.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 -Question 15 (Integrated – All Subtopics & Unit Learning Outcome)As an English teacher-researcher you design a project on student engagement with digital English tools: you use landing pages and pop-ups for quick online data, supplement with phone/mobile apps for accessibility, and analyse everything in Qualtrics (big data). You weigh advantages/disadvantages of each tool before selecting. This project best fulfills the Unit 2 Learning Outcome because it:?. Uses only traditional face-to-face methods. Ignores new ICT tools completely. Lets you evaluate and select the best modern data collection tools (online-web/e-mail, face-to-face/phone/mobile, big data/Qualtrics) while considering their main advantages and disadvantages for effective EFL research. Relies only on secondary data without planning.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 2-Question 5 (Subtopic 2)You use national census statistics and previous Ministry of Education reports on English proficiency rates to support your current research. Subtopic 2 classifies this as:?. Direct observation only. Primary data (real-time collection). Secondary data (existing information from other sources for theoretical framework or empirical material, easier and faster to obtain). New raw data you collected yourself.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 9 (Subtopic 1) A poorly designed pop-up appears on the school English resource page with confusing questions and too many distractions. Subtopic 1 warns this can lead to:?. Increased data error rates and users leaving the site (poorly structured pages reduce reliable information). Higher response rates and reliable data. Face-to-face clarification. Automatic big-data integration.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS (Mixed – Subtopics 3 & 4)-Question 14 When constructing and conducting a survey about student attitudes toward English group work, you must first choose variables and then:?. Ignore sample size and pre-test. Skip validity and standardization. Use only secondary data without planning. Follow the steps in Subtopics 3–4: define objectives/variables → formulate questionnaire → select representative sample → pre-test → collect data.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13(Subtopic 3) Big Data has changed research by allowing analysis of infinite data quickly and shifting focus from strict causality to discovering correlations. Subtopic 3 states one key change is:?. Focusing only on structured data. Returning to small, accurate samples only. Trading micro-level rigid accuracy for macro-level perception and new content discovery (Mayer-Schönberger & Cukier, 2013). Eliminating all online tools.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-3 Question 11 (Mixed – Subtopics 1 & 3)You combine a landing page on the school website with Qualtrics software to collect real-time data on student satisfaction with English apps. This integrates:?. Face-to-face only. Only traditional phone methods. Secondary data exclusively. Online tools (landing page for structured capture) with big-data analysis (volume, velocity, variety) for efficient, large-scale EFL research.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 3-Question 7 (Subtopic 3 – Constructing a survey - Choosing variables)You are designing a survey on factors affecting English writing skills. Subtopic 3 Explains that variables must be chosen carefully because they:?. Are only continuous and never discontinuous. Can be skipped if using secondary data. Determine the precise points of information needed to assess the study objective and serve as the basis for the questionnaire (continuous = infinite values; discontinuous/discrete = no i termediate values). Are not important for closed questions.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 (Subtopic 1) Your English department creates a dedicated page on the school website with a simple title, clear structure, and no distracting content, asking students to fill out a short form about their preferred English learning apps. Subtopic 1 identifies this as:?. A face-to-face interview. An e-mail self-administered survey. A pop-up window. A landing page (designed specifically to capture information; well-organized pages increase reliable data rates and reduce distractions).

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 8 (Subtopic 3)You are overwhelmed by the huge amount of data from English placement tests, online platform logs, and student feedback forms. Subtopic 3 explains that Big Data’s three essential characteristics (the 3 Vs) are:?. Accuracy and causality only. Volume (quantity), velocity (speed), and variety (structured/unstructured/semi-structured data) as shown in Figure 2. Only variety and no velocity. Only volume (quantity) – size is the only factor.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 3-Question 9 (Subtopic 3) Your survey on English listening strategies includes closed questions about frequency of strategy use. Subtopic 3 lists one Fundamental characteristic of a good survey:?. No standardization needed. Ignoring population and sample. Unlimited open-ended questions only. Standardization in records and grouping/analysis of information (closed questions allow systematic analysis) plus validity of collected information.

¿UNIT 2 – TOPIC 1-SUBTOPICS 1& 2Question 13 (Mixed – Subtopics 1 & 2)You want to study changes in English pronunciation scores over two semesters (longitudinal) using new teacher-collected test data. This combines:?. Only descriptive secondary data. Retrospective cross-sectional. Longitudinal survey (observes evolution over time) with primary data (new information collected directly). Cross-sectional + secondary data.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 10(Subtopic 2)You compare a face-to-face survey (high response rate but expensive) with a phone survey (low cost but possible denial of Respondents). Subtopic 2 helps you select the best tool by evaluating:?. Main advantages and disadvantages of each method to choose the most suitable for your English research context and budget. Only self-administered options. Big Data velocity only. Only advantages without disadvantages.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS -Question 14 (Mixed – Subtopics 2 & 4) You choose a quasi-experimental design for an English reading intervention using intact classes and must also address ethics. The best combined approach is:?. Manipulate variables randomly and skip consent. Focus only on descriptive surveys. Use selective groups (quasi-experimental) while ensuring informed consent, risk/benefit analysis, and equitable distribution (ethical principles). Treat it as fully non-experimental with no ethics.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 Question 15 (Unit Learning Outcome – Integrated) Your final project for the course is to propose a quantitative study that helps improve English pedagogy in your school. The study that best achieves the Unit 1 Learning Outcome (“Achieve an in-depth understanding of the application of quantitative methods in the context of pedagogy”) would:?. Rely exclusively on personal opinions. Collect and analyse numerical data on student performance, apply positivist epistemology, choose questions suitable for quantitative methods, and highlight advantages such as gEneralization and replicability to support pedagogical decisions. Avoid any statistical software or measurable variables. Use only interviews and ignore numbers.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 5 In your experimental English study you formulate: H₁ – “Gamified activities increase student engagement” and H₀ – “Gamified activities do not increase student engagement.” Subtopic 2 explains that:?. The alternative hypothesis (H₁) is the one tentatively expected to be true; only one can be supported after statistical testing. Both hypotheses are accepted simultaneously. Hypotheses are not needed in experimental designs. Only the null hypothesis can be approved.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Quantitative Research Approach), You are an English teacher in a Quito public high school and want to investigate why some Bachillerato students drop out of English classes. According to Aliaga & Gunderson (2002) and the definition in Subtopic 1, the most appropriate quantitative research approach would be:?. Using only personal opinions from teachers. Conducting open-ended interviews to explore personal stories. Observing classes without counting or measuring anything. Collecting numerical data (e.g., number of students who dropped out, attendance percentages, grades) and analysing it with statistics to explain, predict, and control the phenomenon.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 Your English department plans to compare two intact classes (one using project-based learning and one using traditional grammar drills) without random assignment. According to Subtopic 1, this is:?. Purely descriptive. Quasi-experimental design (comparison group, no random allocation). Correlational only. Traditional experimental design.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-FOUNDATIONS AND GENERALITIES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Question 1 (Subtopic 1 – Types of Quantitative Research)You want to study whether using English songs improves pronunciation scores in 8th-grade students. According to Muijs (2010) and Graphic 1 in Subtopic 1, this study belongs to which main type of quantitative research?. Non-experimental (descriptive). Only correlational. Experimental designs (you manipulate the use of songs and compare with a control group). Purely qualitative observation.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 (Subtopic 4 Question 10 Your quantitative study on English teaching methods can be shared with other schools because:?. The research can be replicated (standardized instruments and methods) – a key advantage listed in Subtopic 4. It provides only numerical descriptions with no practical value. Only qualitative studies can be replicated. Findings are narrow and cannot be applied elsewhere.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 (Mixed – Subtopics 3 & 4) Question 13 You want to demonstrate to the Ministry of Education whether English program enrolment is increasing and support your claim with evidence. The best approach according to Subtopics 3 and 4 is:?. Anecdotal stories only. Avoiding any statistics. In-depth case studies of single students. Quantitative research to measure numerical change and provide generalizable evidence that can be replicated.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4-Question 13 (Subtopic 4) When assigning students to control and experimental groups in an English pronunciation study, the principle of “Justice” (Subtopic 4 demands:?. Giving all advantages to the experimental group. Excluding low-performing students. Equitable distribution so both groups perceive fair treatment and benefits. Random selection only.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 (Subtopic 3) Question 7 You want to know: “Is the percentage of students passing the English proficiency exam rising or falling over the last three years?” According to Muijs (2010) in Subtopic 3, you should use quantitative research because:?. It requires exploring personal feelings in depth. It involves numerical change that needs accurate measurement. It is purely descriptive without any numbers. It can only be answered with mixed methods.

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 (Mixed – Subtopics 1 & 4)Question 11 You convert student attitudes toward online English classes into numbers using a Likert scale questionnaire and analyse them statistically. This illustrates:?. Complete rejection of statistics. The need for researcher subjectivity. Only qualitative research. Subtopic 1 (turning non-numerical phenomena into measurable numerical data) and Subtopic 4 (advantage of larger sample size and generalization).

¿LEVEL 3 UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 - Subtopic 2 Question 4 During a research planning meeting, a colleague says “truth in education is always constructed by the observer.” As a quantitative researcher following Subtopic 2, you would reply that:?. The quantitative approach (positivism) holds that objective reality exists and the investigator can study phenomena without influencing them (dualist/objectivist position). Post-positivism completely rejects objectivity. Subjectivism is the only valid epistemology for pedagogy. This is the realist-positivist view.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4-Question 11 (Subtopic 4 – Ethical Principles) You plan to survey 200 Bachillerato students about their English learning experiences. Subtopic 4 requires “Respect for people” which means:?. Hiding the purpose of the study. Ignoring student opinions. Forcing participation for better data. Obtaining informed consent and granting security at all times so participants can freely decide to participate.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 8 (Subtopic 3 – Research Development)Before starting any quantitative English research project, Subtopic 3 (Mamia, 2006) requires you to follow a systematic planning process. The correct sequence begins with:?. Select the topic → Investigate previous research → Choose theoretical approach → Establish the research problem → Schedule the process (as shown in Graphic 2). Jump directly to conclusions. Data analysis first. Skip literature review.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2- QUESTION 5 (Subtopic 2 – CFA in R) A researcher has developed a 16-item questionnaire to measure EFL students’ language learning motivation (items grouped into intrinsic, extrinsic, and self-efficacy factors). The researcher already has a theory about how these factors relate. Which technique and software should be used to test this pre-specified model?. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using R. Exploratory factor analysis in SPSS. PLS-SEM in Smart PLS3. Descriptive statistics in GPower.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 13 (Subtopic 3 – Google Scholar)After publishing her own paper on AI tools in English writing classes, the student wants to track how many times it has been cited. Which Google Scholar section should she check?. My library. Advanced search. My citation. Configuration.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4-QUESTION 14 (Subtopic 4 – Visibility tools)The student has created profiles on several platforms. Which one compiles mentions of her article on Twitter, Facebook, blogs, and news media and assigns a score based on the quantity and quality of attention received?. Altmetric. Google Scholar “My citations". ORCID. ResearchGate.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPI 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-QUESTION 7 (Subtopic 2 – H-index)A professor tells the student that a journal has an h-index of 21. What does this mean according to the compendium?. The journal has published exactly 21 articles. The journal has received 21 total citations. The journal is in Q1. 21 of the journal’s articles have at least 21 citations each, and the rest have fewer than 21 citations each.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-QUESTION 8 (Subtopic 2 – Bibliographic managers)A student wants a completely free, browser-based manager (Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera) that supports more than 7,000 citation styles updated daily and can import references directly from Google Scholar. Which tool is described?. EndNote. Mendeley. Zotero. RefWorks.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 5 (Subtopic 1 – Peer review time)The student’s manuscript is in the peer-review stage for an EFL education journal. According to the average duration table by discipline in the compendium, what is the approximate time the review process is likely to take?. 11 weeks (General). 8 weeks (Medicine). 17 weeks (Social sciences). 18 weeks (Economics and Business).

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 10 (Subtopic 3 – Copyright)The student wants to make a personal copy of an article for her thesis. According to the copyright guidelines in the compendium, which action is NOT allowed?. Passing the copy on to her classmate. Citing the source properly in the reference list. Limiting the copy to only what she needs. Making only one copy for personal use.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 1 (Subtopic 1 – Editorial process)An MTEFL student has finished her quantitative study on the impact of AI tools on EFL writing accuracy. She prepares her manuscript and submits it to an international journal. According to the editorial process described in the compendium, what is the correct sequence of the first three steps that will occur?. Editor makes final decision → Reviewers evaluate → Author is informed. Author submits manuscript → Editor filters manuscripts → Manuscript is sent to reviewers. Editor filters → Author is informed → Manuscript is sent to reviewers. Reviewers evaluate → Editor filters → Author submits.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 11 (Subtopic 3 – Google Scholar)While searching for recent studies on EFL motivation, the student wants to restrict results to articles published after 2022 and only in English. Which Google Scholar feature allows this?. My library. Advanced search. My citations. Alerts.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4-QUESTION 12 (Subtopic 4 – Visibility tools) The student wants a unique, persistent digital identifier that automatically links her to all her publications and distinguishes her from other researchers. Which tool should she create?. Altmetric score. ORCID. Academia.edu account. ResearchGate profile.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 2 (Subtopic 1 – Citation methods)In the same vocabulary study, the student inserts the number [23] in parentheses after a sentence taken from a source. Which citation method is she using?. Numerical method. Vancouver method. Author/year method. Notes method.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 12 (Subtopic 3 – Google Scholar)The student finds a useful 2023 article on flipped classrooms in EFL. She wants to be notified every time new papers on this exact topic are published. Which feature should she use?. General search. Statistics. My citations. Alerts.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 3 (Subtopic 1 – Role of the editor)After peer review, the editor of an EFL journal decides the manuscript needs major corrections before it can be reconsidered in a new round. What decision has the editor made?. Conditional rejection (review and send). Absolute rejection of the article. Acceptance without changes. Acceptance with small revisions.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-QUESTION 14 (Subtopic 3 – Google Scholar) Google Scholar orders results by relevance using several factors. Which of the following is NOT used to determine relevance?. The full text of the document. Number of times the document has been cited. The student’s personal library. The author and place of publication.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3-QUESTION 11 (Subtopic 3 – Open access indicators)When evaluating an open-access journal for her EFL research, the student checks several positive indicators listed in the compendium. Which of the following is a positive indicator of a legitimate open-access journal?. The scope of the journal is non-existent. The journal has only one editor and no editorial board information. The publisher sends annoying spam advertising. Articles contain DOIs and the journal has an ISSN.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 4-QUESTION 13 (Subtopic 4 – Visibility tools)After publishing her paper, the student wants to share it freely, connect with other EFL researchers, request full-text versions, and track readership metrics. Which platform is designed exactly for this?. Scimago. ResearchGate. Google Scholar. Altmetric.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 4- QUESTION 13 (Subtopic 4 – Validity)An English teacher designs a new rubric to measure “communicative competence.” The rubric items are clearly aligned with the theoretical definition of the construct. This demonstrates high:?. Construct (constructive) validity. Statistical validity only. Test-retest reliability. External validity.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- QUESTION 3 (Subtopic 1 – GPower 3.1) Before running a t-test on pre- and post-test vocabulary scores of 120 English learners, the researcher needs to determine if the sample size provides enough statistical power. Which free software, developed by Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, is specifically designed for this power analysis?. Smart PLS3. SPSS. R. GPower 3.1.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- QUESTION 2 (Subtopic 1 – SPSS Functions) A researcher wants to analyze open-ended responses from an English placement test survey and also build predictive models of student success. According to the compendium, which of SPSS’s essential functions would best support both tasks?. Modeler + Text Analysis. Visualization Design only. Only Advanced Statistics. GPower integration.