SOCIOLINGUISTIC

¿UNIT 1 -TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 15. Sociolinguistic research shows that the "Standard" variety of a language is usually:?. The oldest form of the language. The dialect of the most powerful social or political group. Naturally superior and more logical than other dialects. Spoken by everyone in the same way.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 2. A linguist visits a traditional community in the Amazon where men and women use entirely different verb endings for the same action. A woman cannot use a "man’s ending" without appearing culturally inappropriate. This phenomenon is known as:?. Language shift. Gender-exclusive speech. Socioeconomic stratification. Gender-preferential speech.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION -1 A teacher in Ecuador notices that indigenous students often remain silent in class discussions. What is the most likely sociolinguistic explanation?. They are uninterested in the topic. They lack vocabulary in Spanish. They do not understand the teacher’s instructions. Silence is a cultural strategy of respect.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 10-When minority languages are excluded from media and education, the result is often:?. Increased bilingualism. Language prestige. Language codification. Language marginalization.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 10. Why might men in a working-class neighborhood purposefully use non-standard linguistic forms (like "I ain't done nothing")?. Because they are in the "middle-age" bulge of standard speech. Because they don't know the correct rules. To express "covert prestige" and signal masculinity or "toughness.". Due to geographical isolation from the city center.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION -3 A bilingual student switches between Kichwa and Spanish when speaking with peers. This practice is known as:?. Code-switching. Language interference. Borrowing. Diglossia.

¿UNIT 1 -TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 4. A group of 15-year-olds in London uses the word "innit" and specific slang that their parents do not understand. However, as these same teenagers reach their 30s and enter professional careers, they begin to use more standard English. This change across an individual's lifespan is called:?. Language death. Age-grading. Ethnic marking. Geographical isolation.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION -5 An indigenous student avoids speaking Spanish at home but uses it at school. This illustrates:?. Language attrition. Language simplification. Language fossilization. Domain-specific language use.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 2. A linguist visits a traditional community in the Amazon where men and women use entirely different verb endings for the same action. A woman cannot use a "man’s ending" without appearing culturally inappropriate. This phenomenon is known as:?. Gender-preferential speech. Language shift. Socioeconomic stratification. Gender-exclusive speech.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 14-Which factor most contributes to the displacement of indigenous languages in Ecuador?. Government support for bilingual education. Increased cultural pride. Economic and social pressures. Strong community networks.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION -7 A minority language is taught only in informal family settings. What risk does this pose?. Language expansion. Language endangerment. Language dominance. Language revitalization.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 12. An immigrant family moves to a new country. The parents speak their native tongue at home, but the children refuse to speak it and only use the new country's dominant language. Over two generations, the native tongue is no longer spoken in the family. This is called:?. Language shift. Linguistic geography. Language contact. Gender-exclusive speech.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 9 -A teacher encourages students to use Kichwa in class discussions. This practice supports:?. Language fossilization. Language revitalization. Language simplification. Language displacement.

¿UNIT 1-TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 3-In many societies, women are found to use more "prestige" or standard language forms than men of the same social class, According to Holmes (2013), one explanation is that:?. Standard forms are easier to pronounce for female speakers. Women have a natural biological aptitude for grammar. Men are generally less educated than women in most cultures. Women are more status, conscious and use language to claim a higher social position.

¿UNIT 1 -TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 13. In New Zealand, many English speakers use Māori loanwords like "Haka" or "Pakeha." This is a result of:?. Socioeconomic status. Geographical isolation. Languages in contact and ethnic influence. Gender-preferential speech.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 12-Urban migration in Ecuador accelerates language displacement because:?. Cities promote multilingualism. Spanish dominates urban communication. Indigenous languages are more prestigious. Migration reduces language contact.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 13. Scenario: A linguist is studying "why" a specific group of teenagers in Guayaquil uses certain English words while speaking Spanish. The "Why" in this research corresponds to:?. The Function. The Accent. The Topic. The Setting.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 1. Scenario: Maria, an English teacher, walks into the staff room and says, "Hey everyone, got any coffee left?" Five minutes later, she walks into the Principal's office and says, "Good morning, Mr. Smith. I was wondering if you had a moment to discuss the budget." This change in her language choice is primarily driven by which social factor?. The Function (Why). The Setting (Where). The Participants (Who). The Topic (What).

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 5. Scenario: During a formal job interview, the applicant uses very careful pronunciation and avoids slang. According to the Formality Scale, this setting is considered:?. Informal / Low-solidarity. Low Referential. Formal / High-status. High Formality.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 4. A group of 15-year-olds in London uses the word "innit" and specific slang that their parents do not understand. However, as these same teenagers reach their 30s and enter professional careers, they begin to use more standard English. This change across an individual's lifespan is called:?. Geographical isolation. Ethnic marking. Age-grading. Language death.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 6. Scenario: Two brothers are talking about their childhood. Even though one is now a CEO and the other is a clerk, they use the same informal dialect and "insider" jokes. This is because their relationship on the Social Distance Scale is:?. Formal (professional). Intimate (high solidarity). High Status (unequal). Distant (strangers).

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 11. A government decides to choose one specific regional dialect as the "official" language for schools and law, while discouraging the use of other regional dialects. This process is known as:?. Age-grading. Pidginization. Language standardization. Language shift.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 13. In New Zealand, many English speakers use Māori loanwords like "Haka" or "Pakeha." This is a result of:?. Languages in contact and ethnic influence. Gender-preferential speech. Gender-preferential speech. Geographical isolation.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 6. A researcher notices that speakers living in high-altitude Andean regions use more "ejective" sounds (intense bursts of air) in their local languages compared to speakers in lowland jungles. This study explores the relationship between:?. Gender and social class. Age and vocabulary. Ethnicity and syntax. Geography and phonetics.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 3. Scenario: An 8th-semester student is writing a thesis on how different neighborhoods in a city use different slang. This study falls under the field of:?. Historical Etymology. Sociolinguistics. Theoretical Syntax. Pure Psycholinguistics.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 11. Scenario: Holmes (2013) identifies four essential social factors for linguistic choice. Which of the following is NOT one of them?. The function. The setting. The participants. The speaker’s IQ.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 15. Sociolinguistic research shows that the "Standard" variety of a language is usually:?. The oldest form of the language. The dialect of the most powerful social or political group. Naturally superior and more logical than other dialects. Spoken by everyone in the same way.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 15. Scenario: In sociolinguistics, the term "code" can refer to:?. Only the rules of grammar. A computer programming language. Any variety of a language, a dialect, or even a completely different language. Only secret encrypted messages.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 8. If the simplified "trade language" mentioned in the previous question is passed down to a new generation as their first language, and it develops a complex grammar and full vocabulary, it becomes a:?. Creole. Vernacular. Slang. Pidgin.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 8. Scenario: A researcher notices that in a specific community, women tend to use more "standard" grammar than men in public speeches. The researcher is exploring which subtopic of sociolinguistics?. The evolution of ancient scripts. The field of study regarding social factors like gender. Only the physical setting of the speech. The psychological process of memory.

¿UNIT 3 TOPIC 1 SUPTOPIC 2 QUESTION 11.A linguist explains that language depends on brain activity before speech production. What does this highlight?. Non-verbal priority. Social influence only. Cultural dominance. Biological basis of language.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 12. A psycholinguistics researcher argues that when reading, the brain processes syntax separately from semantics, and neither system influences the other during real-time comprehension. Which theoretical framework from the compendium does this researcher support?. The Right Ear Advantage (REA) model. The modular approach, proposed by Fodor (1983). The constructionist approach, proposed by Gernsbacher (1990). The dichotic listening model of Studdert-Kennedy et al. (1972).

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 7 During a class discussion on how the brain processes language, a student argues: 'Language is processed equally by both sides of the brain.' Based on the compendium, how should the instructor BEST respond?. Partially disagree — language abilities are generally, but not always, concentrated in the left hemisphere. Fully disagree — language is always and exclusively processed by the left hemisphere. Agree — modern neuroscience shows both hemispheres contribute equally to language. Agree — hemispherical specialization only applies to non-verbal tasks, not language.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 6 A researcher conducts a dichotic listening experiment and finds that participants recognize speech stimuli faster when presented to the right ear than the left. Which neurological principle from the compendium BEST explains this finding?. The left hemisphere concentrates language abilities, and the right ear connects directly to the left hemisphere. Both hemispheres process language equally, so ear advantage is random. The right hemisphere specializes in language processing, giving the left ear an advantage. The Wernicke area in the right hemisphere processes incoming speech sounds faster.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q2 Subtopic 1: A language program director is designing two separate English courses: one for children aged 5–8 and one for adult professionals. Based on Lenneberg (1967) and Birdsong (2006) as cited in the compendium, which neurological claim should guide the design of each course?. Adults have more adaptable neural structures because life experience enhances brain plasticity. Both groups have equally flexible neural structures, so the same methods should be used for both. Children have more rigid neural structures, making structured grammar instruction essential for them. Children have more adaptable neural structures; adults have more rigid ones, making new language skills harder to acquire.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 14. According to key findings discussed in the compendium, a reader who has extensive knowledge about marine biology will likely process a sentence about ocean ecosystems more quickly and accurately than a reader without that knowledge. Which research finding BEST supports this?. Readers integrate local and global coherence to build mental text representations (Kintsch, 1988). The modular approach proposes that syntax operates independently of world knowledge (Fodor, 1983). Individual differences in working memory capacity affect sentence interpretation (Just & Carpenter, 1992). Readers use their prior knowledge to facilitate sentence comprehension (McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992).

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q4 Subtopic 1: An adult learner who has been studying French independently for two years tells his teacher: 'I decide when I study, what materials I use, and I only focus on what I need for my business trips.' Based on the compendium, which characteristic of adult language learning does this BEST reflect?. Adults have more control over their learning environment and are motivated by specific purposes. Adults rely on implicit strategies and are immersed in the language environment naturally. Adults are more receptive to language input because they have greater cognitive maturity. Adults rely on social interaction with peers to acquire language, just as children do.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q1 Subtopic 1: An EFL teacher notices that her 6-year-old students pick up new vocabulary and pronunciation naturally through songs and games, without ever being taught grammar rules explicitly. In contrast, her adult evening class constantly asks for grammar explanations before attempting to speak. According to the compendium, which pair of terms BEST describes these contrasting learning strategies?. Instrumental learning (children) vs. integrative learning (adults). Deductive learning (children) vs. inductive learning (adults). Extrinsic learning (children) vs. intrinsic learning (adults). Implicit learning (children) vs. explicit learning (adults).

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 4 A pre-school child can hear and repeat individual sentences but cannot yet separate the words within those sentences. According to the phonological awareness hierarchy, which skill should be the focus of instruction FIRST?. Onset-rime awareness, because it precedes phoneme segmentation. Syllable awareness, because it develops before onset-rime recognition. Word awareness, because it is a precursor to syllable awareness. Phonemic awareness, because it is the strongest predictor of reading success.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q3 Subtopic 1: A researcher studying L2 motivation finds that 7-year-old children are eager to participate in English class because they enjoy playing with classmates in English, while 35-year-old adults enrolled in the same program report they joined to increase their chances of promotion. According to the compendium, which motivational distinction does this illustrate?. Children are motivated by intrinsic curiosity and social interaction; adults are motivated by extrinsic factors like job opportunities. Children are motivated by extrinsic factors (social interaction); adults are motivated by intrinsic interest. Adult motivation is always stronger because professional goals provide clearer direction than play. Both groups share the same motivational profile — social belonging drives all language learners.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13. Researchers measure participants' eye movements while they read complex sentences to study how attention is distributed across a text. They also observe how quickly readers look back to earlier parts of a sentence when they encounter unexpected words. Which methodology from the compendium are they using?. Dichotic listening. Onset-rime segmentation tasks. Eye-tracking. Event-related potentials (ERPs).

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Q11 Subtopic 2:A documentary filmmaker asks a language acquisition expert: 'What exactly does the critical period hypothesis say will happen to a child never exposed to language during the critical window?' According to Lenneberg (1967) as cited in the compendium, which answer is MOST accurate?. The child's brain will compensate by shifting language processing entirely to the right hemisphere. The child will eventually catch up if given enough structured instruction after puberty. The child will lose all capacity for human communication permanently. After puberty, the neural structures involved in language learning become less flexible and less adaptable, making fluent acquisition very unlikely.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2-Q9 Subtopic 2: In a psycholinguistics seminar, a professor asks students to identify a real case that supports Lenneberg's critical period hypothesis. Which response BEST applies the content from the compendium?. Genie — she fully acquired language after being rescued at age 13, proving the critical period can be overcome. Victor of Aveyron — discovered in France in 1800, he was unable to learn language fluently despite years of instruction, suggesting he had missed the critical window. Genie — she was never exposed to language input, so her case is irrelevant to the critical period hypothesis. Victor of Aveyron — he learned language quickly once exposed to a structured learning environment.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 8 The compendium notes that 'the human body is physically equipped to produce a wide range of speech sounds.' Which combination of physical features is cited as contributing to this capacity?. The right ear advantage, bilateral symmetry, and the structure of the inner ear. The size of the cerebral cortex, binocular vision, and hand dexterity. The length of the tongue, the shape of the ear canal, and the Wernicke area. The structure of the vocal tract, upright posture, and the position of the larynx in the throat.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 2 During a reading lesson, a teacher asks learners to separate the word 'string' into its onset (/str/) and rime (/iŋ/). According to the course content, which statement BEST describes what this activity targets and its position in the phonological awareness hierarchy?. It targets phonemic awareness, the most basic level of phonological awareness. It targets onset-rime awareness, a skill that develops after syllable awareness. It targets word awareness, a precursor to syllable segmentation. It targets syllable awareness, which is a precursor to onset-rime segmentation.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2-Question 9 According to the compendium, for language comprehension to occur, a language user must accomplish several tasks when a signal reaches the brain. Which sequence CORRECTLY describes these tasks?. Perceive signals as language → interpret as meaningful → recognize the language. Interpret as meaningful → recognize the language → perceive as language. Recognize the language → produce a response → interpret as meaningful. Perceive signals as language → recognize the language → interpret as meaningful.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question -9. A researcher studies how ideas are transformed into spoken words. Which brain process is involved?. Memory storage only. Visual perception. Emotional regulation. Broca’s area activation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question 1.A teacher notices that a student nods frequently but fails to complete tasks correctly. The teacher realizes the student may not fully understand instructions. What is the most likely explanation?. Human communication is identical to animal communication. The student lacks linguistic competence. The student is using sign language. Non-verbal communication is replacing verbal understanding.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3- Question 13. A student bites their nails during an exam. What does this behavior represent?. Verbal communication. Sign language structure. Linguistic competence. Non-verbal expression of anxiety.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3- Question 14. A teacher integrates sign language into the classroom to support deaf students. What is the main benefit?. Reduces cognitive ability. Promotes inclusivity and learning. Replaces spoken language entirely. Limits communication.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question -8. A patient can still judge grammar correctly despite having speech production problems. What does this indicate?. Absence of brain function. Loss of linguistic knowledge. Separation between knowledge and use. Failure of comprehension.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question 2. A researcher compares bird songs with human speech and concludes that human language allows infinite expression of ideas. What key feature is being highlighted?. Non-verbal communication. Productivity of language. Visual communication. Biological limitation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question -4. A learner knows grammar rules but struggles to speak fluently during exams. What explains this situation?. Language is not innate. Difference between competence and performance. Absence of brain activity. Lack of linguistic knowledge.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question 9. A student sends an email explaining a project. What type of communication is this?. Biological signaling. Visual communication only. Non-verbal communication. Verbal communication.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question -7. A teacher gives complex instructions while students are multitasking. What is the most likely outcome?. Improved comprehension. Decreased performance. Perfect language processing. Reduced cognitive load.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question 8. A speaker produces sounds that are transmitted and interpreted by another person’s brain. Which model explains this process?. Cognitive-only model. Saussure’s speech circuit. Social interaction theory. Behavioral model.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question 5. Two deaf individuals from different countries struggle to communicate despite both using sign language. Why does this happen?. Sign language is universal and identical. Deaf individuals cannot communicate internationally. Sign language depends on spoken language. Sign languages vary regionally.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question 3. During a class presentation, a student speaks confidently but avoids eye contact and shows nervous gestures. What issue is affecting communication?. Lack of vocabulary. Misuse of sign language. Contradiction between verbal and non-verbal communication. Absence of auditory channels.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question 7. A student learns language naturally at home without formal instruction. Which concept explains this?. Artificial acquisition. Innate biological capacity for language. Mechanical learning. Cultural imitation only.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question -5. A student correctly identifies an ungrammatical sentence but cannot explain why. Which concept does this illustrate?. Pragmatic failure. Motor impairment. Innate grammatical knowledge. Lack of competence.