SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 7. When two groups of people with no common language come into contact for trade, they often create a simplified, "makeshift" language with a limited vocabulary and no native speakers. This is called a:?. Dialect. Creole. Pidgin. Standard variety.

¿UNIT 1-TOPIC 2 –SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 3-In many societies, women are found to use more "prestige" or standard language forms than men of the same social class, According to Holmes (2013), one explanation is that:?. Women have a natural biological aptitude for grammar. Women are more status, conscious and use language to claim a higher social position. Standard forms are easier to pronounce for female speakers. Men are generally less educated than women in most cultures.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 10-When minority languages are excluded from media and education, the result is often:?. Increased bilingualism. Language codification. Language marginalization. Language prestige.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 12-Urban migration in Ecuador accelerates language displacement because:?. Spanish dominates urban communication. Cities promote multilingualism. Indigenous languages are more prestigious. Migration reduces language contact.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 3 QUESTION 14-Which factor most contributes to the displacement of indigenous languages in Ecuador?. Increased cultural pride. Strong community networks. Economic and social pressures. Government support for bilingual education.

¿UNIT 2 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION -1 A teacher in Ecuador notices that indigenous students often remain silent in class discussions. What is the most likely sociolinguistic explanation?. Silence is a cultural strategy of respect. They lack vocabulary in Spanish. They are uninterested in the topic. They do not understand the teacher’s instructions.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 10. Scenario: A person moves from a small village to a big city and slowly starts to change their accent to sound more like the city dwellers to avoid being teased. This is an example of language being used to:?. Confound the listener. Signal social identity and belonging. Decrease affective content. Improve referential information.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 5. A speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) uses "invariant be" (e.g., "He be working") when talking to friends from his neighborhood to signal solidarity and shared heritage. In sociolinguistics, this is an example of:?. A lack of education. Geographical dialectology. An ethnic identity marker. Language standardization.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2 QUESTION 14. A person’s "Social Network"—who they talk to, work with, and live near—is a better predictor of their speech patterns than just their income. This is because:?. Language is only used for trade. Social networks determine a person's age. People tend to accommodate their speech to those they interact with most. Social networks are determined by geography only.

¿UNIT 1 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1 QUESTION 2. Scenario: A group of friends is watching a tense soccer match at a stadium. They are shouting and using very informal, emotionally-charged language. Which social dimension is most prominent in this specific context?. High Affective Content. High Referential Content. High Social Distance. High Status.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question 9. A student sends an email explaining a project. What type of communication is this?. Visual communication only. Biological signaling. Non-verbal communication. Verbal communication.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 3 According to Garrett's (1980a) model of language production described in the compendium, a bilingual teacher is about to explain a grammar rule. She has a clear idea of what she wants to say but has not yet chosen specific words or grammatical structures. Which stage of language production is she in?. Phonological encoding. Formulation. Articulation. Conceptualization.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q8 Subtopic 1: A language policy committee is debating whether to create one unified English curriculum for all ages. A committee member argues that age is irrelevant. Based on the compendium's discussion of the critical period hypothesis (Lenneberg, 1967), what is the most accurate counter-argument?. The critical period hypothesis suggests language acquisition is most effective within a limited time frame, typically ending around puberty, after which learning becomes more difficult. After puberty, language acquisition becomes impossible because all neural pathways are permanently fixed. Age only affects pronunciation, not grammar or vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Age is completely irrelevant — only motivation determines success in language learning.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 3-Question 13. Researchers measure participants' eye movements while they read complex sentences to study how attention is distributed across a text. They also observe how quickly readers look back to earlier parts of a sentence when they encounter unexpected words. Which methodology from the compendium are they using?. Onset-rime segmentation tasks. Eye-tracking. Event-related potentials (ERPs). Dichotic listening.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1-Question 5 A teacher wants to assess whether her 8th-grade EFL students have strong long-term potential for reading and spelling. Based on the compendium, which phonological awareness skill is identified as the STRONGEST predictor of those outcomes?. Syllable awareness. Word awareness. Onset-rime awareness. Phonemic awareness.

¿UNIT 4 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1-Q2 Subtopic 1: A language program director is designing two separate English courses: one for children aged 5–8 and one for adult professionals. Based on Lenneberg (1967) and Birdsong (2006) as cited in the compendium, which neurological claim should guide the design of each course?. Children have more rigid neural structures, making structured grammar instruction essential for them. Both groups have equally flexible neural structures, so the same methods should be used for both. Children have more adaptable neural structures; adults have more rigid ones, making new language skills harder to acquire. Adults have more adaptable neural structures because life experience enhances brain plasticity.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 1 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question 5. Two deaf individuals from different countries struggle to communicate despite both using sign language. Why does this happen?. Deaf individuals cannot communicate internationally. Sign language depends on spoken language. Sign languages vary regionally. Sign language is universal and identical.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question -9. A researcher studies how ideas are transformed into spoken words. Which brain process is involved?. Broca’s area activation. Visual perception. Memory storage only. Emotional regulation.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 1- Question -3. A right-handed student processes language mainly in one hemisphere. Which statement best explains this?. Language is localized in the right hemisphere. Language is mostly in the left hemisphere. Language is not biologically based. Language is equally distributed.

¿UNIT 3 - TOPIC 2 – SUBTOPICS 2- Question -8. A patient can still judge grammar correctly despite having speech production problems. What does this indicate?. Separation between knowledge and use. Loss of linguistic knowledge. Absence of brain function. Failure of comprehension.