u4. lang & bra.n

Neurolinguistics is a branch of _________ that, together with many other fields such as Systemic, Movement, Sensory, Cellular and others, belong to a larger domain named the Neurosciences.

Phineas P. Gage’s episode demonstrates that while language may be localised in the brain, it is not exclusively situated in______.

- ________ - has made important discoveries about what goes wrong with language after brain damage o some of which have implications for - what language is and - how it is processed. - closely linked to the study of the relationship between language and the brain.

Since the 1850s, researchers have made numerous discoveries about the specific regions of the brain that are associated with language functions. It is now widely accepted that the most crucial areas are located in the regions surrounding the _______.

Brain area involved in production of speech sound.

Brain area involved in understanding of speech.

Brain area that controls the movements of muscles.

Brain area that connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area.

1.

2.

3.

4.

The paper that initiated and defined both ___________and ______________ was presented by _____________ to the Anthropological Society of Paris, building on previous speculative work.

Broca's analysis of the language disorder in 'tan' was that he had lost the___________ while retaining the ability to comprehend language and produce and recognize meaningful gestures.

Wernicke’s area. In the___s CARL WERNICKE described damage to this part of the brain in patients who had difficulty understanding speech. This finding confirmed the left hemisphere's role in language ability and led to the belief that Wernicke's area is a crucial part of the brain for understanding spoken language.

- The motor cortex primarily governs the movement of muscles, such as the hands, feet, and arms. - The region of the motor cortex adjacent to Broca's area explicitly controls the articulatory muscles responsible for speech production, including those in the face, ___, ___, and _____.

In ____, neurosurgeons _____and ______ discovered that applying small amounts of electrical current to specific parts of the brain could identify areas where the STIMULATION would interfere with SPEECH PRODUCTION.

cluster or bundle of nerve fibres. discovered made by ____.

Specific aspects of language ability can be assigned to specific locations in the brain. - the brain activity involved in hearing a word, comprehending it, and then saying it, would follow a definite pattern.

1. The word is heard and comprehended through _____. 2. The signal is transmitted through the _____ to ______, where the necessary preparations are made to produce the spoken word. 3. Then, a signal is sent to a section of the ________to articulate the word physically.

"pathway" NOWADAYS: signals SIGMUND FREUD: ____.

When we feel that a word escapes us. - The____________ phenomenon. - _______ are example of this process.

Swapping of two initial sounds. - The __________ phenomenon. - Attributed to________ because of his tendency to do it.

Word substitutions, where a similar but inappropriate word is used instead of the target.

Slips of the brain. Type - when one sound is carried over to the next word, so that my favorite song comes out as my favorite fong.

Slips of the brain. Type - when a sound is used before its occurrence in the next word, so that roman numeral comes out as noman numeral.

Slips of the brain. Type: - hen sounds change places, so that feel better comes out as beel fetter.

Although these slips are most often treated as ______, they can result from the brain slipping as it tries to organise and generate linguistic messages.

One type of auditory slip is known as a.

A condition where a person experiences language disorders resulting from localised brain damage.

- reduced speech output, distorted articulation, and slow, effortful speech - 'agrammatic' speech: frequent omission of functional morphemes (such as articles and prepositions) and inflectional morphemes (such as plural -s and past tense -ed.

In cases of Broca's aphasia, _____-is usually much better than _____-.

The language disorder that causes difficulties in auditory comprehension is commonly known as ________ or __________. - .Individuals with this disorder can produce fluent speech, which is frequently incomprehensible.

Wernicke’s aphasia type: - difficulty in finding the correct word,.

- a less common type of aphasia that is associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus. - Individuals with this disorder may mispronounce words but generally do not have articulation problems. - They are fluent but may experience disrupted rhythm due to pauses and hesitations. - Their comprehension of spoken words is typically good. - Transferring auditory information to the speech production area is not always successful.

An experimental technique that has demonstrated left hemisphere dominance for syllable and word processing.

THE DICHOTIC LISTENING TEST. left hemisphere. right hemisphere.

we cannot process linguistic communication without the ______-hemisphere.

The ________ hemisphere's apparent specialisation for language is often explained by lateral dominance or ________-, which refers to one-sidedness.

when the human brain is most receptive to language acquisition ___________ or __________.

The critical period hypotheses is based on a concept introduced in _________ by _____, who is widely credited as the father of the idea.

- A well-documented example shows the consequences of insufficient language input after the critical period is over. Tests showed that _________ had no language ability in her left hemisphere. However, she was still able to learn the language to some extent. - *** appeared to be using the right hemisphere of her brain for language functions, which is a remarkable fact to note. In the dichotic listening tests, *** showed a significant advantage for the left ear for both verbal and non-verbal signals.