URO 4-20

4. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease and the need for renal replacement therapy are: T1. Chronic pyelonephritis T2. Diabetic nephropathy T3. Glomerulonephritis T4. Hypertensive renal disease T5. Obstructive nephropathy. a) T1, T3, T4. b) T3, T4, T5. c) T2, T3, T4. d) T1, T2, T3. e) T1, T4, T5.

5. Something about Bladder torsion. a) obstruction. b) large post-micturition volume of urine. c) TURP (transurethral resection of prostate). d) None of above. e) Chronic inflammation.

6. Testicular torsion marks: 1) The sudden onset of severe pain. 2) The pain radiates to the groin. 3) Testis is tender, cremasteric reflex is present. 4) Testis is tender, cremasteric reflex is absent. 5) it occurs most often in boys between 5 and 10 years of age 6) CT scan of the abdomen and scrotum is first diagnostic tool. a) 1,2,4,5. b) 1,2,3,4,6. c) 1,3,5. d) 1,2,4. e) 1,2,4,5,6.

7. Which complication is not accompanying chronic kidney disease?. a) Anemia. b) High susceptibility to opportunistic infections. c) Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. d) Cardiovascular diseases. e) Disorders of hemostasis.

8. For testicular cancer applies: 1) Peak incidence is between 18 and 35 years of age. 2) Peak incidence is between 50 and 70 years of age. 3) Cryptorchidism in childhood is a risk factor. 4) Painless testicular mass is the most common sign. 5) Scrotal pain is the most common clinical sign. 6) Metastasizes to inguinal lymph nodes. 7) Metastasizes to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. 8) Scrotal ultrasound has low sensitivity for detection of testicular cancer. 9) Overall survival of patients is over 90%. a) 1,3,4,6,9. b) 1,6,8,9. c) 2,3,4,6,9. d) 2,3,6,9. e) 1,3,4,7,9.

9. Carbunculus of the kidney is caused by bacterial invasion from: a) urethra. b) all of the above. c) lymphatic spread. d) skin. e) hematogenous spread.

10. What is true about hemodialysis catheters: T1. Hemodialysis catheters are not in use in the interdialysis period and are T2. Hemodialysis catheters are not in use in interdialysis period and are locked with saline T3. Hemodialysis catheters may be used only for dialysis procedure T4. Hemodialysis catheters may be used for infusions or parenteral nutrition without limitations T5. Insertion of hemodialysis catheters into subclavian veins is avoided because of stenoses and occlusion of the subclavian veins. Select one combination of answers: a) T1, T3, T5. b) T1, T3, T4. c) T1, T2, T4. d) T2, T3, T4. e) T2, T4, T5.

11. Which statement regarding the nephrotoxicity of radiocontrast agent is incorrect?. a) It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles. b) incidence in high-risk patients is 40-50%. c) It causes direct tubular necrosis. d) It causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. e) The presence of chronic kidney disease increases the risk of contrast nephropathy.

12. When does the creatinine clearance adequately resemble glomerular filtration rate?. a) When kidney function in declining rapidly. b) Creatinine clearance does not resemble glomerular filtration rate. c) When creatinine concentration in the urine is decreased. d) Only when kidney function is stable. e) Even if not all of the 24 hour urine is collected.

13. Which therapy is needed first in the urgent treatment of severe hyperkalemia?. a) Insulin and glucose intravenously. b) Acute hemodialysis. c) Calcium intravenously. d) Cationic exchange resin. e) Sodium bicarbonate intravenously.

14. To confirm an acute bacterial urinary tract infection: a) Pyuria has to be present in the urine. b) Examining urine is not necessary. c) Bacteriuria has to be present in the urine. d) Urine has to be examined after 3 days of treatment. e) Pyuria and bacteriuria have to be present in the urine.

15. What is not an indication for emergently performed hemodialysis?. a) Ethanol poisoning. b) Severe hypervolemia, that cannot be managed with diuretics. c) Severe hyperkalemia, that cannot be effectively lowered with medications. d) Severe acid-base disturbances. e) Uremia with severely increased urea and creatinine.

16. The most common method for glomerular filtration rate estimation is: a) Cockcroft- Gault equation. b) CKD EPI equation. c) Creatinine clearance. d) Radioisotope method. e) Serum creatinine concentration.

17. Which of the following medications affects autoregulation of blood flow through the kidneys?. a) Allopurinol. b) Gentamycin. c) Losartan. d) Litium. e) Procainamide.

18. Minimal volume of contrast media during cystography to exclude bladder rupture is: a) 100 ml. b) 200 ml. c) 300 ml. d) 500 ml. e) 40 ml.

19. Nephrotoxicity of NSAID may be manifested as: a) All listed above. b) Chronic kidney disease. c) Nephrotic syndrome. d) Hemodynamically caused acute kidney injury. e) Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.

20. Phimosis can lead to paraphimosis, which is a urological emergency. What is NOT true of the below statements? T1. Phimosis in children is physiological and does not need to be treated T2. Paraphimosis is never treated surgically T3. Phimosis can be the cause of inflammation of the glans and foreskin T4. Phimosis is not a risk factor for the development of penile carcinoma T5. After a successful catheterization of a man, it is not necessary to pull the foreskin of the glans back to its original position. a) T3, T4, T5. b) T2, T4, T5. c) T2, T3, T4. d) T1, T3, T5. e) T1, T4, T5.

21. Mark the correct answer. Urinary stones: 1. Recurrence rate after 10 years is 30%, after 20 years is almost 50%. 2. Recurrence rate after 10 years is 75%, after 20 years is almost 100%. 3. Urinary stones do not usually recur. 4. Urinary stones are more common in females 5. Urinary stones are more common in males. a) 2,5. b) 2,4. c) 3. d) 1,5. e) 1,4.