VARIACIONES FONÉTICO-FONOLÓGICAS INGLÉS

____ refers to the fact that at some point a particular dialect of a language has officially received the standardization treatment. Codification. Slang. Style. Selection.

The social and geographical kinds of language are known as ____. accents. dialects. style. register.

Tick the situational factor that does NOT account for pronunciation variability among the speakers of a particular language. Place of conversation. Purpose of using the language. Topic of conversation. Age.

Hypercorrection means ____. assigning wrongly certain pronunciations. pronouncing the words slowly. pronouncing the words with a higher pitch. pronouncing the words informally.

Registers most often have to do with ____. pronunciation. accent. vocabulary. grammar.

Those words that are used in a very informal situation are know as____. slang. register. style. jargon.

A dialect can be spoken with any kind of accent. True. False.

Accents may differ in the environments in which particular phonemes do, or do not, occur; in other words, they may have ____ differences. realizational. phonotactic distribution. systemic. lexical distribution.

The fact that in a certain accent there is only phoneme whereas in other accents there are two phonemes, it is considered a ____ pronunciation difference. systemic. realizational. phonotactic. lexical.

There is a strong tendency in RP to pronounce triphthongs as monophthongs. A process known as ____. stretching. Sandhi 'r'. Glottalisation. smoothing.

A recent widespread development in RP is the loss of the diphthong_____ and its merger with /ɔː/. /ɛə/. /ɪə/. /ʊə/. /ou/.

In RP /l/ is usually ______ in word-final position or before a consonant. fronted. unrounded. glottal. velarized.

RP is a rhotic accent. Before front vowels. Yes. Sometimes. No.

The GA vowel /ɔ/ tends to be shorter, ________ and more open than the RP vowel counterpart. with no rounding lips. more rounded. more front. less rounded.

Many GA speakers tend to produce /lj/ as ________, as in "pavilion". /_/. /jl/. /l/. /j/.

In a number of foreign words, especially French-origin, American English tends to have stress on ___ syllable, as in attaché. the first. the final. the second. any.

A pidgin language which has acquired native speakers is called___. accent. post-creole. dialect. creole.

In words like boots younger speakers of RP tend to ___ the vowel. front. open. close. back.

Does the consonant system in RP contains /ʍ/?. Before back vowels. Yes. Sometimes. No.

There is an increasing tendency in RP for /ʊ/ to be pronounced ____. central. front. unrounded. open.

The sequence /lj/ is often reduced to ____ in words such as brilliant in GA. /l/. /ll/. /jə/. /j/.

The "Drop" tone is often used by GA speakers in situations where British speakers would prefer to employ a ____ tone, for instance, on farewells. level. rise. fall-rise. rise-fall.

The GA vowel at the end of words like happy or city is similar to ____. /ɪ/. /i/. /e/. /ə/.

____ is a term which refers to the way in which language learners introduce elements from their own language into the language they are attempting to learn. Reduction. Mixing. Regulation. Pidgin.

In Jamaica is spoken at the most standard top varieties are known as. mesolects. basilects. acrolects. RP.

RP stands for ____. Received Pronunciation. Rich Pronunciation. Restored Pronunciation. Respected Pronunciation.

In which context /p/ is aspirated in RP? In ____. initial stressed syllable followed by consonant. initial stressed syllable followed by a vowel. initial syllabe followed by a vowel. stressed syllable followed by vowel.

The pronunciation of the orthographic o occurring before voiceless fricatives is currently being pronounced /___/ in RP. /ʊ/. /ɔ/. /ʊə/. /ɒ/.

In GA the vowel /ɛ/ tend to be ____ than in RP. opener. closer. more front. shorter.

Tapping may affect both /t/ and /d/ mainly between vowels in ____ position in GA. final. unaccented. initial. accented.

When a language experiences simplification, mixture and reduction, it can be said that is has been subjected to the procees of____. creolization. decreolization. regulation. pidginization.

There is a tendency in GA to Yod-dropping from stressed syllables, following /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/ or____. /z/. /ʃ/. /ð/. /ɪ/.

A linguistically simplified, mixed and restricted language used in limited contact situations between people who have no common language is called ____. accent. post-creole. pidgin. creole.

Your _____ is the way you pronounce your language when you speak. dialect. accent. vocabulary. grammar.

In words like super younger speakers of RP tend to ___ the /j/ after /s/. front. omit. close. back.

Does RP have linking /r/?. Before open vowels. No. Sometimes. Yes.

In which context plosives have a nasal release in RP?. only when followed by non-homorganic nasals. when followed by nasals. only when followed by /m/. only when followed by /n/.

In GA the consonant /t/ often ____ when preceded by /n/ in word-internal position, as in painter. becomes /d/. becomes /m/. dissapears. becomes a vowel.

The use of a ____ tone instead of a low-rise, especially in short-answer question (yes/no), is very common in GA. high-rise. level. fall-rise. rise-fall.

The GA vowel of words like path, laugh or grass is__. /e/. /ɔ/. /æ/. /ɑ/.

Indicate which one is NOT a SITUATIONAL factor that can explain the variability among speakers regarding pronunciation. social relationship between speaker and hearer. profession or role. topic. purpose of the use of the language.

In RP /ɑː/ can be defined as a long_____________________. mid vowel with considerable separation of the jaws (fully open position) and the lips are slightly rounded. back vowel with considerable separation of the jaws (fully open position) and the lips are slightly spread. back vowel with considerable separation of the jaws (fully open position) and the lips are neutrally open. front vowel considerable separation of the jaws (fully open position) and the lips are neutrally open.

The pronunciation of words where orthographic "o" occurs before /f, Ɵ, s/ (as in "off", "lost") with the vowel /ɔː/ is dying out in RP, being replaced by____. /əʊ/. /æ/. /ɔ/. /ɒ/.

Most common words spelled with 'o' which have /ɒ/ in RP are pronounced with _____ in General American, as in "cod", "top", "John". /əʊ/. /ɑ/. /ɔ/. /ɒ/.

Indicate in which count noun used in an 'abstract-generic' sense the article is NOT required in that context in North American English. to go by a car. to be in the hospital. to be at a university. to go to a class.

The Yod-dropping phenomenon, that is, the elision of /j/ when preceded by an alveolar stop (plosive or nasal) as in 'new', ([nuː]), can be considered a___________ distribution feature. systemic. phonotactic. lexical. realizational.

In RP the smoothed version of the triphthong /əʊə/ results in________. a diphthong /ʊə/. a diphthong /əʊ/. a long monophthong, phonetically similar to [ɜː]. a long monophthong, phonetically similar to [eː].

Words which contain clusters of nasal plus another consonat (as in dance, plant, can't...) have _______ in RP. /æ/. /ɑː/. /ʌ/. /ɒ/.

Decide which statement is true referred to the features of General American accent: the suffixes -ary, -ery- (or-erry), -ory, and -mony usually have a strong vowel in GA. the use of Low Rise as opposed to High Rise in yes/no questions. there is no /t/ in the consonant GA system. /ɪ/ is used at the end of words like 'tidy'.

Which spelling is NOT usually found in North American English?. meter. leveled. medieval. honour.

Indicate which statement is correct. Two sounds are said to be in 'free variation' when they occur in an identical phonological and yet the difference between the does not change the difference between them does not change the meaning of the word. 'Slang' has to do with the subject or topic being talked or written about. 'Idiolect' is speakers' perception of the situation in which they are speaking, especially how formal or informal they feel it to be. Frequency with which a speaker uses a word is a situational factor accounting for language variability.

Differences among accents in the environments (or set of phonetic contexts) in which particular phonomes do, or do not, occur are known as_______ differences. lexical. systemic. realizational. phonotactic.

Decide which statement is TRUE referred to the features of General American accent. Vowel contrasts are based on length rather than quality in GA. The phoneme /u/ does not exist in GA. Absence of glottal reinforcement before /p.t/. /r/ tends to be pronounced as an approximant with a great retroflexion /ɹ/.

Differences among accents in their phonemic inventory are known as______ differences. lexical. systemic. realizational. phonotactic.

It was during the _____ that the development of Southern Hemisphere varieties of English began. 1800s. 1700s. 1600s. 1500s.

In spoken and rapid speech there is a general tendecy to weaken, or even omit the second element of triphthogs. A phenomenon usually called. dropping. smoothing. coalescence. glottalling.

A more recent, but by now also widespread development in RP, is the loss of /ʊə/ and the merger of this diphthong, also, with_____. /ɒ/. /uː/. /ɔː/. /ɚ/.

In GA it is a noteworthy feature the use of ______ as opposed to Low Rise intonation pattern, particularly for yes/no questions. Low Rise. High Rise. High Fall. Fall Rise.

Accents may show differences in the phonetic realization of a given phoneme. That is a _______difference: systemic. phonotactic distribution. realizational. lexical distribution.

Yod in RP is consistently retained after_________. /f, n, g/. /s, m, d/. /c, b, d/. /t, d ,n/.

In General American English it is usually deleted the ______ element of triphthongs (closing diphthongs plus schwa) in hte environment of a following /r/. second. first. third. adjacent.

Indicate which statement is correct. Dialect has to do with grammar and vocabulary. Codification refers to the fact that at some point a particular dialect of a language has officially received the standardization treatment. There is a Standard English accent, namely, RP. Technical registers cannot be used while speaking or writing Non-Standard English.

Accents may differ in their phonemic inventory, i.e, in the number or identity of the phonemes they use, what is known as a ______difference. phonotactic distribution. systemic. realizational. lexical-distribution.

Since the _____ century there was a social preference of one kind of pronunciation over the others. The pronunciation of the London region became the most prestigious regional accent within UK. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th.

The phoneme /ɒ/ does not occur in GA, being mostly substituted by _____, and sometimes /ɔ/. /æ/. /ʌ/. /ɝ/. /ɑ/.

In some irregular North American English verbs (such as 'lean') there is no vowel change from /i/ in the present to____ in the past and past participle forms. /e/. /ɛ/. /ɝ/. /eɪ/.

As far as codification is concerned, this refers to the fact that Standard English____. has acquired its prestigious status more gradually than other varieties. has developed in and around the Royal Court in London. is the variety whose grammar has been described and given public recognition in grammar books and dictionaries. is the variety associated to power and status.

In an attempt to sound closer to RP accent, some people use 'hypecorrections', which can be defined as the assignment of a __________ pronunciation to a wordd. wrong. posh. slow. long.

Hypercorrection means ____. assigning wrongly certain pronunciations. pronouncing the words slowly. pronouncing the words with a higher pitch. pronouncing the words informally.

In RP /r/ is always pronounced in________position. word-final. before a consonat. before a pause. word-initial.

The strong form of the words 'of', 'what' and 'was' have _____in GA instead of the RP /. /æ/. /ʌ/. /ɔ/. /a/.

Normal British usage is to have a full-stop after a closing quotation mark, while American usage has the full-stop ______ the closing quotation marks. before. within. after. in the middle of.

The expansion of English overseas began in the late______, with the arrival of the English-speakers in the Americas: 1800s. 1650s. 1700s. 1600s.

Informal speech refers to ________variation. stylistic. register. accent. regional.

In RP there is an increasing tendency for / / to be pronounced with ____. ʊ. aspiration. an open vowel. an unrounded vowel. retroflexion.

A tap is one of the possible realisations of /t/ in General American English when two conditions are met: (i) it has to be follwed by a non-consonant sound and(ii). it has to be preceded by a stop consonant. it has to be followed by a pause. it has to be preceded by a sonorant. it has to be followed by a sonorant.

The British English word 'scone' corresponds to ______in GA. crepe. pudding. cracker. biscuit.

Which factor was not influential on the way English developed overseas?. nationalism. linguistic change. language contact. dialect contact.

A 'jargon' is a term related to________in language variability. style. register. accent. dialect.

Accents often vary in the phonemes they select for the lexical representation of certain words of morphemes, what is known as__________differences. phonotactic distribution. systemic. realizational. lexical-distribution.

In GA the glottal stop as an allophone of /t/ is only possible when preceded by a stressed syllable and it is followed by_____. /æ/. /m/. /n/. /l/.

Which word is NOT the same word in GA but with a different meaning?. bathroom. nervy. pants. homely.

Which of the following features is NOT a grammatical peculiarity of Standard English: SE distinguishes between past tense and perfect and perfect verb forms for many irregular verbs. SE distinguishes between singular and plural past forms of the verb be. SE has the grammatical feature called 'negative concord'. SE has an irregular way of forming reflexive pronouns.

The 'topic' is a__________ factor accounting for pronunciation variability. situational. personal. static. regional.

_____________ is the way this word is spelt in GA. offense. offence. ofense. offience.

"RP is a rhotic accent" is a ____ statement. true. false. partially true. partially false.

The orthographic a in the word path is pronounced with ____ RP. /ɜː/. /aː/. /ɑː/. /ʌ/.

The GA vowels /ɛ/, /æ/ and /____/ are involved in the Northern Cities Chain Shift phenomenon. /i/. /ʊ/. /ʌ/. /ɑ/.

/l/ in GA may be pronounced slightly velarized before ____. stressed back vowels. stressed front vowels. unstressed front vowels. unstressed mid vowels.

It is a significant GA feature the use of the "Drop" tone (____) in situations where in British English one would more generally employ a Fall-Rise tone. from low to mid. mid level. from high to mid. from mid to high.

The word bath is pronounced with ____ in RP. /a/. /ʌ/. /ɑː/. /æ/.

In which context /l/ is dark in RP? In ____. final position followed by consonant. initial position followed by consonant. final position followed by vowel. initial position followed by vowel.

In current young RP speakers /əʊ/ is now regularly pronounced ____. /aʊ/. /ɒʊ/. /ɔː/. /ɒ/.

In GA there is no systemic contrast between /ɒ/ and ____. /æ/. /ɑ/. /a/. /ʌ/.

One of the most typical GA features concerns /t/ realization; when it occurs between vowels (the first vowel being stressed) tends to be pronounced as a ____. voiceless tap. fricative. glottal sound. voiced tap.

The suffix -ory usually has ____ in GA instead of the weak vowel (or vowel elision) found in RP. /ɔ/. /oʊ/. /ɛ/. /ɒ/.

The past participle of get (with the meaning of obtain or acquire) is ____ in American English. got. go. get. gotten.

What are the most frequent intonation patterns in Wh- questions in RP?. fall-rise. falling. rise-fall. rising.

Fronting of ____ is now typical of a majority of RP speakers. /ɜ/. /uː/. /ɔː/. /ʌ/.

In GA /ɔ/ tends to be ____ than its RP counterpart. shorter and more open. longer and closer. shorter and closer. longer and more open.

____ is observed in GA after /l, s, z, t, d, n/, apart from the usual environments found in RP. T-voicing. Yod-dropping. Glottalisation. Linking r.

It is a significant GA feature the use of ____ for yes/no questions. Low-Rise. Mid Level. Fall-Rise. High-Rise.

The British English word lift tends to be substituted by ____ in American English. lift. high. elevator. winch.

The glottal stop can appear in RP in one of the following environments. As a realisation of syllable-initial /t/. As a realisation of syllable-final /t/. Before /ʤ/. Before /d/.

In GA ____ tends to be less open, towards a mid central vowel /ɜ/, mainly when followed by r. /æ/. /ɑ/. /a/. /ʌ/.

____-syllable verbs usually have stress on the suffix -ate in RP but on the first syllable in G. Three. Two. Four. Five.

The most common negative form of epistemic must in GA is ____. must not. mustn't. cannot. can't.

The British English word garden tends to be substituted by ____ in American English. yard. outdoor. style. register.

The verb want in the sense of 'need' with an inanimate subject ____ in American English. is possible. is likely to occur. is not possible. occurs.

In GA there is a tendency to reduce /lj/ to.... /l/. /j/.

In RP English /r/ is usually... an approximant. a flap.

In RP /l/ is usually ___ in word-final position or before a consonant. fronted. unrounded. glottal. velarized.

What is Standard English?. The Standard accent that is spoken in the USA. The Standard accent that is spoken in the UK. The kind of English that books are written in. The standard accent which is spoken in Australia.

What factor happened in the 18th century which bring about the development of the central vowel /ɜː/ and the centring diphthongs /ɪə, eə, ʊe/?. Yod-Dropping. T-Glottaling. R-Dropping. Smoothing.

Which is the correct form of the Past and Past participle in the following irregular verb in NAmEng?. burnt. burned.

Which is the correct form of the Past and Past participle in the following irregular verb in NAmEng?. learned. learnt.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. Shall I drink this now?. Should I drink this now?.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. When I was young, I would go there every day. When I was young, I used to go there every day.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. I wish I would have done it. I wish I had done it.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. Ought we to eat that?. Should we eat that?.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. You ought not to have said that. You shouldn't have said that.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. Need you be so rude?. Do you need to be so rude?.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. To be in hospital. To be in the hospital.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. to be at a university. to be at university.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. Next day, the rain began. The next day, the rain began.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. the River Thames. the Mississippi River.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. colour. color.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. mould. mold.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. anaesthetic. anesthetic.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. enclose. inclose.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. judgment. judgement.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. centre. center.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. defence. defense.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. apologize. apologise.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. connexion. connection.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. counsellor. counselor.

Which would be the common form used in NAmEng?. fulfilment. fulfillment.

In NAmEng, a number of irregular verbs have become regularized. True. False.

Point out the two ways to making or deriving new verbs in NAmEng:

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Shall I drink this now?. Should I drink this now?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. I should enjoy living here if I could afford to do so. I would enjoy living here if I could afford to do so.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. When I was young, I used to go there every day. When I was young, I would go there every day.

Which is the most common negative of epistemic 'must' in NAmEng?. cannot. must not.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Used he to go there?. Did he use to go there?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. You shouldn't have said that. You ought not to have said that.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Need you be so rude?. Do you need to be so rude?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Do go on!. Go on!.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Have you got any coffee in the cupboard?. Do you have any coffee in the cupboard?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng? "John went home". he did?. Did he?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng? "Did he pass his exams?". Yes, he did do. Yes, he did.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. John gave it to me. Jonh gave it me.

Which form is LESS common in NAmEng?. I like to skate. I like skating.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. We'd like you to do this. We'd like for you to do this.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. It seems like a long time. It seems a long time.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. John acted a real fool. John acted like a real fool.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. We'll come to see you soon. We'll come see you soon.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Go and fix it now. Go fix it now.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. John helped us to mow the lawn. John helped us mow the lawn.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. He ordered the men to be evacuated. He ordered the men be evacuated.

Can the verb 'want' be followed by the adverbs 'in' and 'out'?. Yes. No.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. I wanted to come in. I wanted in.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. This house wants painting. This house needs to be painted.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. That decided him to go. That made him decide to go.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. let's not... don't let's...

Inversions are considered very formal in NAmEng. True. False.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Your team are doing well this year. Your team is doing well this year.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. a lettuce. a head of lettuce.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. John is good at sport. John is good at sports.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Good accommodation is hard to find here. Good accommodations is hard to find here.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. The government have cut defence spending by three millions. The government have cut defense spending by three million.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. to be at university. to be in the hospital. to be in hospital. to be in class.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Next day, the rains began. The next day, the rains began.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. half an hour. a half hour.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. John Smith, the lanky Californian teenage tennis star. Lanky Californian teenage tennis star, John Smith.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. We left his about an hour ago. We left his house about an hour ago.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. This one is different from the last one. This one is different than the last one.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. They will never agree to it. They never will agree to it.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. I haven't bought one yet. I didn't buy one yet.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. Have you read it already?. Did you read it already?.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. five past eight. five after eight.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. The sale started on Jan. 1st. The sale started Jan. 1st.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. The soup has carrots in. The soup has carrots in it.

Which form is more common in NAmEng?. There is one problem: the government does not spend... There is one problem: The government does not spend...

Which is the more common form in NAmEng?. We are often told that "there is not enough money to go round'. We are often told that "there is not enough money to go round.'.