OTORRINO TEORÍA LECTURES preg respuesta

⚠️ What is malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the clinical signs of malignant otitis externa?.

Q. ⚠️ How is malignant otitis externa treated?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the classic triad of Ramsay Hunt syndrome?.

Q. What are the types of external ear injuries according to the causative factor?.

Q. How is an auricular haematoma treated and why urgently?.

Q. What are the two forms of acute otitis externa?.

Q. What is typical of fungal otitis externa?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the rules for ear irrigation?.

Q. What is a keloid of the auricle?.

Q. How are frostbite and burns of the auricle managed?.

Q. What is a preauricular sinus and when is it treated?.

Q. Which benign bony lesions narrow the EAC and what do they cause?.

Q. Which premalignant and malignant tumours affect the external ear?.

Q. What is chronic otitis externa?.

LECTURE 2 – MIDDLE EAR DISEASES ================================================== Q. ⚠️ How is otitis media with effusion (secretory otitis) treated?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the audiological findings in otitis media with effusion?.

Q. ⚠️ What must be excluded in an adult with persistent unilateral OME?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the classic triad of chronic otitis media?.

Q. ⚠️ What is a cholesteatoma?.

Q. ⚠️ How is cholesteatoma treated?.

Q. Where do primary and secondary acquired cholesteatomas originate?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the mechanism of hearing loss in otosclerosis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the Carhart notch?.

Q. ⚠️ How is otosclerosis treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Which nerves explain referred otalgia?.

Q. ⚠️ An adult has persistent otalgia with a normal otoscopy. What must be excluded?.

Q. How is chronic otitis media classified?.

Q. What are the features and treatment of chronic suppurative (simplex) otitis media?.

Q. Which imaging is used for cholesteatoma and which complications must be screened?.

Q. What are the symptoms of OME in children and adults?.

Q. What is the pathophysiology of OME and which factors predispose to it?.

Q. What are the three histological components of a cholesteatoma?.

Q. Which theories explain secondary acquired cholesteatoma?.

Q. What are the signs and causes of peripheral facial palsy?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the symptoms of labyrinthitis and how does it differ from vestibular neuritis?.

Q. How do serous and purulent labyrinthitis differ?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the pathophysiology of Ménière disease?.

Q. ⚠️ How is Ménière disease treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Which disease causes vertigo lasting only seconds, triggered by head position?.

Q. ⚠️ How is BPPV diagnosed and treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Progressive unilateral SNHL, tinnitus and poor speech discrimination – diagnosis?.

Q. ⚠️ Longitudinal vs transverse temporal bone fracture?.

Q. ⚠️ Peripheral nystagmus – which statement about visual fixation is true?.

Q. What is a perilymphatic fistula?.

Q. ⚠️ Which statement about Ménière disease is TRUE: water restriction, early high-frequency HL, diuretics used?.

Q. What are the features of vestibular neuritis?.

Q. What is a labyrinthine fistula and where is it located?.

Q. What are Michel and Mondini malformations?.

Q. What are the risk factors for BPPV?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the criteria for definite Ménière disease?.

Q. How is purulent labyrinthitis distinguished from a cerebellar abscess?.

Q. What is the HINTS test?.

Q. What is Cogan syndrome?.

Q. How should dizziness in the elderly be managed?.

LECTURE 4 – PRINCIPLES OF AUDIOLOGY ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What are the types of hearing loss according to anatomical localization?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the normal tuning fork results?.

Q. ⚠️ Tuning fork findings in conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss?.

Q. ⚠️ What does a mixed hearing loss audiogram show?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the tympanogram types?.

Q. ⚠️ What do otoacoustic emissions assess and what are they used for?.

Q. ⚠️ How is sudden sensorineural hearing loss defined and treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Who is a BAHA indicated for?.

Q. ⚠️ What is videonystagmography (VNG)?.

Q. ⚠️ Which drugs are ototoxic?.

Q. How is hearing loss severity classified (BIAP)?.

Q. ⚠️ In bilateral conductive hearing loss, where does Weber lateralize?.

Q. Damage to which structure causes sensorineural hearing loss?.

Q. What are the indications for a cochlear implant?.

Q. What are acoustic trauma and barotrauma?.

Q. What are the speech reception threshold (SRT) and speech discrimination threshold (SDT)?.

Q. Which pathway does the stapedial reflex follow?.

Q. Which tests assess Eustachian tube function?.

Q. Which aminoglycosides are vestibulotoxic and which cochleotoxic?.

Q. What are prelingual, perilingual and postlingual hearing loss?.

LECTURE 5 – DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX ================================================== Q. ⚠️ Why is Ludwig's angina life-threatening?.

Q. ⚠️ How is Ludwig's angina treated?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the indications for tonsillectomy?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the definitive treatment of chronic tonsillitis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the most important bacterial cause of tonsillitis and its treatment?.

Q. ⚠️ What is typical of infectious mononucleosis?.

Q. ⚠️ What predominates in Plaut–Vincent angina?.

Q. ⚠️ How does a diphtheritic membrane differ from a streptococcal exudate?.

Q. ⚠️ What is scarlet fever?.

Q. ⚠️ Which oral lesion is NOT premalignant: leukoplakia, lichen planus, erythroplakia or geographic tongue?.

Q. ⚠️ What is herpangina?.

Q. What is Waldeyer's ring?.

Q. How does oral candidiasis present and who gets it?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the symptoms of Zenker diverticulum?.

Q. How does agranulocytic tonsillitis differ from leukaemic tonsillitis?.

Q. ⚠️ What clinical features distinguish streptococcal from viral pharyngitis?.

Q. What should be considered if tonsillitis persists despite antibiotics?.

Q. How does syphilis present in the oral cavity and pharynx?.

Q. What is burning mouth syndrome and how is it treated?.

Q. Which systemic diseases are associated with tongue lesions?.

LECTURE 6 – DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES ================================================== Q. ⚠️ Which sinuses drain through the ostiomeatal complex?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?.

Q. ⚠️ How long must symptoms last to diagnose chronic rhinosinusitis?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the two surgical strategies for chronic sinusitis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the best imaging for chronic rhinosinusitis?.

Q. ⚠️ Progressive frontal headache with proptosis but no nasal obstruction – diagnosis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is Samter's triad?.

Q. What is an antrochoanal polyp?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the components of Kartagener syndrome?.

Q. ⚠️ Through which route can a nasal vestibular furuncle reach the brain?.

Q. ⚠️ What can cause hormonal rhinitis?.

Q. How is rhinosinusitis classified by duration (Kern)?.

Q. Which bacteria cause acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?.

Q. How are fungal sinusitis forms classified and treated?.

Q. How do eosinophilic and neutrophilic nasal polyps differ?.

Q. How is allergic rhinitis managed?.

Q. What is the role of maxillary sinus puncture?.

Q. Which diagnostic tools are used in rhinology?.

Q. ⚠️ When should a displaced nasal bone fracture be reduced?.

Q. What is the olfactory pathway?.

LECTURE 7 – DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What are the symptoms and complications of mumps?.

Q. ⚠️ How are salivary gland stones treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Which gland is most often affected by sialolithiasis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is typical of salivary stone disease?.

Q. ⚠️ What is a ranula?.

Q. How do viral and bacterial parotitis differ?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the key features of Sjögren syndrome?.

Q. Where does the parotid duct open and which nerve controls parotid secretion?.

Q. What is Heerfordt syndrome?.

Q. What is sialadenosis?.

Q. How many major salivary glands are there?.

Q. What type of saliva does each major gland produce and how are they innervated?.

Q. What is a Küttner tumour?.

Q. How is Sjögren syndrome treated and what do imaging tests show?.

Q. When is sialendoscopy used?.

Q. What is chronic recurrent parotitis?.

Q. What is an oral mucocele?.

Q. How are parotid injuries treated?.

Q. Which imaging methods are used for salivary glands?.

Q. Which specific infections can involve lymph nodes in or around the salivary glands?.

LECTURE 8 – FOREIGN BODIES ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What is the safest method of removing a foreign body from the ear?.

Q. ⚠️ In which bronchus are aspirated foreign bodies most often found?.

Q. ⚠️ How are airway foreign bodies removed?.

Q. ⚠️ Where do oesophageal foreign bodies most commonly lodge?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the most characteristic symptom of an oesophageal foreign body?.

Q. ⚠️ What does severe pain between the shoulder blades after a foreign body or oesophagoscopy suggest?.

Q. ⚠️ How is an impacted oesophageal foreign body treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Which is NOT a principal complication of oesophagoscopy: bleeding, perforation, pneumonia, mediastinitis?.

Q. ⚠️ A 53-year-old has dysphagia and interscapular pain for 2 days after eating fish; saliva pools in the piriform recesses. Management?.

Q. ⚠️ What suggests a nasal foreign body in a child?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the symptoms of foreign-body aspiration?.

Q. What is "bolus death"?.

Q. What are the three physiological narrowings of the oesophagus?.

Q. How are insects and organic foreign bodies removed from the ear?.

Q. What are the complications of ear foreign-body removal?.

LECTURE 8 – VOICE AND SPEECH DISORDERS (PHONIATRICS) ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What are the basic examination methods in phoniatrics?.

Q. ⚠️ What does videostroboscopy show?.

Q. ⚠️ What does GRBAS stand for?.

Q. ⚠️ Where is Reinke's oedema located?.

Q. ⚠️ What are singer's (vocal) nodules?.

Q. ⚠️ Which muscle tenses the vocal folds?.

Q. Where are contact granulomas most commonly found?.

Q. ⚠️ Which statement about a patient after total laryngectomy is FALSE?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the methods of voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy?.

Q. What is psychogenic aphonia?.

Q. What is the cover-body structure of the vocal fold?.

Q. What is the average fundamental frequency of the voice?.

Q. What is the maximum phonation time (MPT)?.

Q. What happens to the voice during puberty (mutation)?.

Q. How do hyperfunctional and hypofunctional dysphonia differ?.

LECTURE 9 – LARYNX AND TRACHEA, TRACHEOTOMY, CRICOTHYROTOMY ================================================== Q. ⚠️ How is subglottic laryngitis (croup) treated?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the typical features of croup?.

Q. ⚠️ High fever, drooling, dysphagia and muffled voice in a 4–6-year-old – diagnosis?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the most common congenital laryngeal malformation?.

Q. ⚠️ List the complications of tracheotomy.

Q. ⚠️ At which level is tracheotomy performed and which type is most common?.

Q. ⚠️ Which statement about tracheotomy is FALSE?.

Q. ⚠️ Why is tracheotomy performed in chronically intubated patients?.

Q. ⚠️ What is a coniotomy (cricothyrotomy)?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the complications of cricothyrotomy?.

Q. ⚠️ How do croup and epiglottitis differ?.

Q. What is bacterial (malignant) laryngotracheobronchitis?.

Q. ⚠️ Which form of chronic laryngitis is precancerous?.

Q. ⚠️ What are the indications for tracheotomy?.

Q. Why must a tracheotomy wound not be closed tightly?.

Q. What are the causes and treatment of tracheal stenosis?.

Q. What are the early complications of tracheotomy?.

Q. How do a laryngeal abscess and laryngeal phlegmon differ?.

Q. Where do reflux-associated laryngeal lesions occur?.

Q. What are the symptoms of congenital laryngeal malformations?.

LECTURE 10 – GERD IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What is the key symptom of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?.

Q. How do LPR and GERD differ?.

Q. Which components of refluxate damage the laryngeal mucosa?.

Q. What are the RSI and RFS?.

Q. What laryngeal lesions are associated with LPR?.

Q. ⚠️ How is LPR treated?.

Q. ⚠️ Which statement about LPR is most accurate?.

Q. How fast do LPR symptoms and lesions improve?.

Q. Which factors form the physiological anti-reflux barrier?.

Q. Why is bile (duodenal) reflux especially harmful?.

Q. Which drugs lower LES pressure and may worsen reflux?.

Q. Which extra-oesophageal syndromes are associated with reflux?.

Q. By which mechanisms does reflux produce ENT symptoms?.

Q. Which oral, ear and nasal lesions are associated with LPR?.

Q. ⚠️ Is heartburn required to suspect LPR?.

LECTURE 11 – OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROME ================================================== Q. ⚠️ What is the classic OSAS triad?.

Q. How are apnoea and hypopnoea defined?.

Q. ⚠️ How is OSAS severity classified by AHI?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the gold standard for diagnosing OSAS?.

Q. ⚠️ What is the gold standard treatment for OSAS?.

Q. ⚠️ Which is NOT a typical complication of OSAS?.

Q. What is the Epworth Sleepiness Scale?.

Q. What is DISE?.

Q. What is the most common cause of snoring/OSA in children?.

Q. Which behavioural measures reduce snoring?.

Q. What are the risk factors for snoring and OSAS?.

Q. What does the Mallampati classification evaluate?.

Q. What is the difference between polysomnography and respiratory polygraphy?.

Q. What is the Müller manoeuvre?.

Q. What are the non-CPAP treatment options for OSAS?.